Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model.

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

1986 • 68,448 citations

The Cognitive neurosciences

2005 • 4,777 citations

Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

1987 • 3,683 citations

Subanesthetic Effects of the Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonist, Ketamine, in Humans

1994 • 3,182 citations

The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis

1992 • 3,026 citations

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1988 • 2,778 citations

Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, "prefrontal" and "limbic" functions.

1990 • 2,437 citations

Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization

1991 • 1,963 citations

Glutamate Receptor Dysfunction and Schizophrenia

1995 • 1,682 citations

Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats

1993 • 1,626 citations

Society for Neuroscience Abstracts

1997 • 1,445 citations

Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: implications for aging

1985 • 1,129 citations

Anatomical Abnormalities in the Brains of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia

1990 • 1,009 citations

The Neostriatal Mosaic: Multiple Levels of Compartmental Organization in the Basal Ganglia

1992 • 1,005 citations

Positron Emission Tomography Reveals Elevated D ₂ Dopamine Receptors in Drug-Naive Schizophrenics

1986 • 935 citations

Basal Ganglia and Limbic System Pathology in Schizophrenia

1985 • 891 citations

Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome

1992 • 831 citations

Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death

1992 • 788 citations

Schizophrenia After Prenatal Famine

1996 • 740 citations

Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.

1992 • 714 citations

Postpubertal Emergence of Hyperresponsiveness to Stress and to Amphetamine after Neonatal Excitotoxic Hippocampal Damage: A Potential Animal Model of Schizophrenia

1993 • 690 citations

The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: A refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders

1994 • 663 citations

Persistent High Cortisol Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in a Subpopulation of Healthy Men

1995 • 655 citations

Dopamine D4 receptors elevated in schizophrenia

1993 • 632 citations

Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration

1990 • 574 citations

Biobehavioral Organization in Securely and Insecurely Attached Infants

1993 • 571 citations

Adoption reverses the long-term impairment in glucocorticoid feedback induced by prenatal stress

1995 • 564 citations

Genetic theory and abnormal behavior.

1970 • 531 citations

Neurotoxicity of Glucocorticoids in the Primate Brain

1994 • 519 citations

Brain Morphology and Schizophrenia

1992 • 508 citations

The Community Management of Schizophrenia

1988 • 474 citations

Family Factors in Schizophrenic Relapse

1984 • 443 citations

Hippocampal Pathologic Findings in Schizophrenia

1989 • 437 citations

Neuromotor Precursors of Schizophrenia

1994 • 434 citations

Repeated cocaine administration causes persistent enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor sensitivity within the rat nucleus accumbens.

1991 • 359 citations

Stress exacerbates neuron loss and cytoskeletal pathology in the hippocampus

1994 • 325 citations

Stressful Life Events and Schizophrenia

1993 • 324 citations

Salivary Cortisol Levels throughout Childhood and Adolescence: Relation with Age, Pubertal Stage, and Weight

1995 • 315 citations

Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress : from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder

1995 • 314 citations

Neuroendocrine Aspects of Primary Endogenous Depression

1987 • 278 citations

ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY AND EMOTION REGULATION

1994 • 260 citations

Glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders

1993 • 258 citations

Crises and Life Changes preceding the Onset or Relapse of Acute Schizophrenia: Clinical Aspects

1970 • 255 citations

A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotic depression and related states

1985 • 244 citations

Maternal deprivation potentiates pituitary-adrenal stress responses in infant rats.

1988 • 238 citations

Drug-Induced Movement Disorders

1997 • 230 citations

Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol in Disruptive Children: Relationship to Aggressive, Hyperactive, and Internalizing Behaviors

1994 • 229 citations

Sex Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Reactions to Examination Stress

1978 • 229 citations

Prospective controlled studies of the behavioral and biological effects of exogenous corticosteroids☆

1994 • 225 citations

The Strength of the Genetic Effect

1994 • 219 citations

Persistence of neurochemical changes in dopamine systems after repeated cocaine administration.

1990 • 217 citations

Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: facial expressions of emotion

1993 • 215 citations

The development of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the rat limbic brain. I. Ontogeny and autoregulation

1985 • 214 citations

Breakdown in individuals at high risk for schizophrenia: Possible predispositional perinatal factors.

1970 • 204 citations

Developmentally Moderated Expressions of the Neuropathology Underlying Schizophrenia

1994 • 203 citations

The vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: a longitudinal study

1994 • 202 citations

Corticosteroids and the Control of Function in the Hypothalamo‐Pituitary‐Adrenal (HPA) Axisa

1994 • 197 citations

Schizophrenia : scientific progress

1989 • 195 citations

Prenatal stress in rats facilitates amphetamine-induced sensitization and induces long-lasting changes in dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens

1995 • 193 citations

A prospective study of stressful life events and schizophrenic relapse.

1989 • 186 citations

Effect of Gestational Age, Postnatal Age, and Illness on Plasma Cortisol Concentrations in Premature Infants

1995 • 185 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia: Relationship to symptomatology, ventricular enlargement, and outcome

1991 • 171 citations

Hypercortisolism and its possible neural bases

1990 • 160 citations

Prenatal stress exposure alters postnatal behavioral expression under conditions of novelty challenge in rhesus monkey infants

1992 • 155 citations

Neuroendocrine reactivity, internalizing behavior problems, and control-related cognitions in clinic-referred children and adolescents.

1994 • 155 citations

Rhesus Incompatibility as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia in Male Adults

1996 • 147 citations

Glucocorticoid Feedback Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretagogue Release

1990 • 142 citations

Circadian and Sleep-Related Endocrine Rhythms in Schizophrenia

1991 • 141 citations

Increased Cortisol Levels in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease in Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid

1994 • 138 citations

Effects of the acute administration of caffeine in patients with schizophrenia

1990 • 127 citations

Schizophrenia: Diathesis-Stress Revisited

1992 • 127 citations

Repeated corticosterone administration sensitizes the locomotor response to amphetamine

1992 • 125 citations

Limbic/mesolimbic connections and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

1991 • 123 citations

Sex Differences in Neonatal Stress Reactivity

1995 • 122 citations

Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings

1994 • 122 citations

Childrenʼs adrenocortical responses to classroom activities and tests in elementary school.

1985 • 119 citations

Effect of stressor intensity on habituation and sensitization of glucocorticoid responses in rats.

1990 • 111 citations

Maximizing Diagnostic Information From the Dexamethasone Suppression Test

1989 • 108 citations

The effect of mild stress during pregnancy on birthweight and neuromotor maturation in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)

1992 • 108 citations

Strain-selective effects of corticosterone on locomotor sensitization to cocaine and on levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and glucocorticoid receptor in the ventral tegmental area

1995 • 108 citations

The effects of a single acute dose of dexamethasone on monoamine and metabolite levels in rat brain

1985 • 104 citations

Cortisol and behavioral responses to repeated stressors in the human newborn

1991 • 104 citations

Adrenal Cortical Response to Stress at Three Mile Island

1984 • 102 citations

Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription rate and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA stability by cyclic AMP and glucocorticoid.

1992 • 101 citations

Dopamine D2 receptor density estimates in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study with11C-N-methylspiperone

1993 • 99 citations

Expressed Emotion and First-Admission Schizophrenia

1990 • 98 citations

Psychoendocrinology of Ego Disintegration

1970 • 97 citations

The Effects of Morning Naps, Car Trips, and Maternal Separation on Adrenocortical Activity in Human Infants

1991 • 94 citations

The positive/negative symptom distinction in schizophrenia validity and etiological relevance

1988 • 93 citations

Society of biological psychiatry

1994 • 93 citations

Central administration of corticotropin releasing factor induces long-term sensitization to d-amphetamine

1993 • 90 citations

Contemporary Issues in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

1995 • 88 citations

Effects of hyperactivity of the maternal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis during pregnancy on the development of the HPA axis and brain monoamines of the offspring

1994 • 87 citations

The role of gonadal steroids in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation.

1995 • 85 citations

Effects of Adrenalectomy and Glucocorticoids on Rat Brain Dopamine Receptors

1992 • 84 citations

Life Events and Schizophrenic Relapse after Withdrawal of Medication

1992 • 81 citations

Subtle signs of prenatal maldevelopment of the hand ectoderm in schizophrenia: A preliminary monozygotic twin study

1991 • 81 citations

Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and ventricular-to-brain ratio studies in affective illness and schizophrenia.

1992 • 77 citations

Stressful Life Events and Schizophrenia II: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

1993 • 76 citations

Parental expressed emotion and affective style in an adolescent sample at risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

1983 • 75 citations

Depressed nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in drug-free paranoid schizophrenics

1992 • 75 citations

Behavioral Correlates of Excreted Catecholamines and Cortisol in Second‐Grade Children

1986 • 75 citations

A prospective study of daily stressors and symptomatology in schizophrenic patients

1994 • 74 citations

Water maze performance and hippocampal weight of prenatally stressed rats

1994 • 74 citations

Developmental pathways to schizophrenia: Behavioral stereotypes.

1995 • 74 citations

Paths to Relapse: Possible Transactional Processes Connecting Patient Illness Onset, Expressed Emotion, and Psychotic Relapse

1992 • 74 citations

Circadian rhythm of vital signs, norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in schizophrenia

1995 • 73 citations

Gestational and neonatal factors in the etiology of schizophrenia

1993 • 72 citations

Dexamethasone increases plasma free dopamine in man

1984 • 72 citations

Postnatal development of hippocampal and neocortical cholinergic and serotonergic innervation in rat: Effects of nitrite-induced prenatal hypoxia and nimodipine treatment

1994 • 70 citations

Methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and its implications for relapse of schizophrenia

1994 • 70 citations

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Chronic Schizophrenia: Association with Clinical Features

1992 • 70 citations

Developmental Change in Infant Cortisol and Behavioral Response to Inoculation

1994 • 70 citations

The MCPP challenge test in schizophrenia: Hormonal and behavioral responses

1991 • 69 citations

Preschoolers' Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Responses to Social Challenge.

1994 • 69 citations

Neurobiological effects of lumbar puncture stress in psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers

1988 • 68 citations

Prenatal Psychological Stress, Dermatoglyphic Asymmetry and Pregnancy Outcome in the Pigtailed Macaque (<i>Macaca nemestrina</i>)

1989 • 67 citations

The Effects of Parental Psychopathology and Maltreatment on Child Behavior: A Test of the Diathesis-Stress Model

1989 • 66 citations

Recurrent affective disorder: Roots in developmental neurobiology and illness progression based on changes in gene expression

1994 • 64 citations

Stressful experience, brain, and emotions: Developmental, genetic, and hormonal influences.

1995 • 63 citations

Effects of parental absence and institutionalization on the development of clinical symptoms in high‐risk children

1981 • 63 citations

Effect of corticosterone on the synthesis of [3H]catecholamines in the brains of CD-1 mice

1977 • 63 citations

Symptomatology and cognitive impairment associate independently with post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations in unmedicated schizophrenic patients

1991 • 62 citations

The role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the acquisition and expression of cocaine-induced conditioned increases in locomotor behavior

1993 • 61 citations

Psychotic and nonpsychotic depressions: I. comparisons of plasma catecholamines and cortisol measures

1987 • 61 citations

Sampling Biases in Studies of Gender and Schizophrenia

1993 • 60 citations

Obstetric Complications and Their Relationship to Other Etiological Risk Factors in Schizophrenia A Case-Control Study

1994 • 59 citations

Effect of protein malnutrition on CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells in rats of three ages

1993 • 59 citations

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in children and adolescents: A review and a controlled study

1992 • 58 citations

The effect of diagnosis and age on the DST: A metaanalytic approach

1988 • 58 citations

Diurnal rhythm of plasma beta endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone in schizophrenics as compared to control subjects

1986 • 57 citations

Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase by cyclic AMP and glucocorticoids in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line: effect of the inducing agents alone or in combination on the enzyme levels and rate of synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase.

1986 • 56 citations

Pituitary^adrenal and dopaminergic modulation of schedule-induced polydipsia: Behavioral and neurochemical evidence.

1992 • 55 citations

The effects of metabolic stress on plasma progesterone in healthy volunteers and schizophrenic patients

1992 • 55 citations

Genotype-dependent effects of chronic stress on apomorphine-induced alterations of striatal and mesolimbic dopamine metabolism

1991 • 55 citations

Effects of Metabolic Perturbation on Plasma Homovanillic Acid in Schizophrenia

1993 • 55 citations

Norepinephrine and serotonin alterations following chronic stressor exposure: Mouse strain differences

1994 • 53 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test in positive and negative schizophrenia

1989 • 53 citations

Basal and stress-induced corticosterone secretion is decreased by lesion of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons

1993 • 52 citations

Neuroendocrine responses in chronic schizophreniaEvidence for serotonergic dysfunction

1988 • 50 citations

Disturbed Endocrine Function in the Psychoses

1989 • 49 citations

Stress: Its Effect on Interactions among Biogenic Amines and Role in the Induction and Treatment of Disease

1984 • 49 citations

Multihormonal responses to apomorphine in mental illness

1995 • 47 citations

Prenatal Factors in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

1994 • 45 citations

Persistent dentate granule cell hyperexcitability after neonatal infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

1996 • 43 citations

The Roles of Glucocorticoid and Dopaminergic Systems in Delusional (Psychotic) Depressiona

1988 • 43 citations

Effects of neuroleptic treatment on cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyl glycol levels in blood

1995 • 43 citations

The corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in chronic schizophrenia

1986 • 43 citations

Vascular disease risk factors, urinary free cortisol, and health histories in older adults: Shyness and gender interactions

1993 • 42 citations

Neuroendocrine and side effect profile of pramipexole, a new dopamine receptor agonist, in humans

1992 • 41 citations

Cortisol, estradiol, and androgens in acutely ill paranoid schizophrenics.

1983 • 39 citations

Effects of maternal lead exposure on functional plasticity in the visual cortex and hippocampus of immature rats

1994 • 38 citations

Urine-Free Cortisol Excretion: Evidence of Sex-Dependence

1994 • 37 citations

The developmental pathways to schizophrenia: Potential moderating effects of stress

1996 • 36 citations

Situation specific effects of stressor controllability on plasma corticosterone changes in mice

1990 • 35 citations

Blunted acth response to hypoglycemic stress in depressed patients but not in patients with schizophrenia

1992 • 34 citations

Neural Development and Schizophrenia

1995 • 34 citations

Cortisol, arousal, and personality in two groups of normal men

1990 • 33 citations

Prenatal Nutritional Deprivation as a Risk Factor in Schizophrenia: Preclinical Evidence

1994 • 32 citations

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORMONAL MEDIATORS AND SYSTEMIC HYPERMETABOLISM AFTER SEVERE HEAD INJURY

1993 • 31 citations

Altered adult sexual behavior in the male rat following chronic prenatal hypoxia

1993 • 30 citations

A neuroanatomy of stress.

1995 • 29 citations

Developmental changes in stress adaptation in relation to psychopathology

1994 • 28 citations

The effects of combined prefrontal cortical and hippocampal damage on dopamine-related behaviors in rats

1994 • 27 citations

Stress and schizophrenia.

1991 • 27 citations

Distinct immediate and prolonged effects of separation on plasma cortisol in adult female squirrel monkeys

1992 • 27 citations

Steroid effects on brain functions: an example of the action of glucocorticoids on central dopaminergic and neurotensinergic systems.

1995 • 27 citations

Limbic and paralimbic pathology in schizophrenia: Interaction with age- and stress-related factors.

1989 • 27 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test and noradrenergic function in affective and schizophrenic disorders

1986 • 26 citations

Clozapine attenuates meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)-induced plasma cortisol increases in schizophrenia

1993 • 26 citations

Specificity of the salivary cortisol dexamethasone suppression test across psychiatric diagnoses

1989 • 24 citations

Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity in preschool children: Comparison between day‐care and home levels

1993 • 24 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor increases following haloperidol withdrawal in chronic schizophrenia

1994 • 22 citations

Neural Development and Schizophrenia

1996 • 21 citations

High-dose naloxone modifies cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function in ambulant subjects

1991 • 21 citations

BRAIN CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTORS

1994 • 21 citations

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Affective Illnesses and Schizophrenia: Relationship with Psychotic Symptoms

1986 • 20 citations

Early Influences Shaping The Individual

1989 • 20 citations

Psychotic and nonpsychotic depressions: II. platelet MAO activity, plasma catecholamines, cortisol, and specific symptoms

1987 • 20 citations

Drugs and the DST: need for a reappraisal

1988 • 20 citations

Prolactin and Growth Hormone Responses to Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Acute Schizophrenia

1990 • 18 citations

Specificity of plasma HVA response to dexamethasone in psychotic depression

1989 • 17 citations

Endogenous opioid regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in schizophrenia

1986 • 16 citations

The Role of Dopamine in Psychotic Depression

1995 • 15 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test, schizophrenia and movement disorder

1988 • 14 citations

A tardive dyskinesia evaluation and diagnosis form for applied facilities.

1984 • 12 citations

Maternal Stress during Pregnancy and the Behavior of the Offspring

1989 • 12 citations

The dexamethasone suppression test and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

1989 • 11 citations

Serum cortisol in chronic schizophrenia. Changes in the diurnal rhythm and psychiatric mental status on withdrawal of drugs.

1971 • 10 citations

Effects of various hippocampal lesions on monkey plasma cortisol levels in two experimental conditions

1986 • 9 citations

The Metyrapone Test in Schizophrenic Patients and Healthy Subjects

1985 • 8 citations

Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Distribution, Etiology, and Implications

1995 • 7 citations

Suspension Therapy in Acute Schizophrenia

1995 • 7 citations

[Dexamethasone suppression test and the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia].

1991 • 7 citations

Adrenocorticotrophin responses to hypoxaemia in fetal sheep are sustained in the presence of naloxone.

1992 • 4 citations

[Effect of neuroleptic treatment on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the results of the dexamethasone test].

1991 • 4 citations

Depressive symptomatology and dexamethasone suppression test in preschool age children.

1988 • 2 citations

[Dexamethasone suppression test in endogenous depression and schizophrenia in male and female patients].

1992 • 2 citations

Hypoplasia of the hippocampal formation and the entorhinal cortex detected in early-but not late-onset schizophrenia

1996 • 1 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations