Preparedness and phobias: Specific evolved associations or a generalized expectancy bias?
Data up to Jan 2025
Total Citations Per Year
Abstract
References (223)
Attachment and Loss
1969 • 17,518 citations
The principles of psychology.
1913 • 6,182 citations
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation
2021 • 4,196 citations
Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
1976 • 3,992 citations
Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
1970 • 3,198 citations
The psychology of fear and stress
1988 • 3,188 citations
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
1993 • 3,096 citations
CANALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
1942 • 3,059 citations
The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
1978 • 2,599 citations
How Monkeys See the World
1990 • 2,146 citations
Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex.
1990 • 2,071 citations
Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning
1966 • 1,963 citations
On the generality of the laws of learning.
1970 • 1,732 citations
Selection by Consequences
1981 • 1,631 citations
Phobias and preparedness
1971 • 1,580 citations
Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology.
1955 • 1,509 citations
Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy
1985 • 1,466 citations
Social communication among primates
1968 • 1,399 citations
The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution
1986 • 1,293 citations
Animal behavior. An evolutionary approach
1978 • 1,175 citations
Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning.
1971 • 1,163 citations
The conditioning theory of fearacquisition: A critical examination
1977 • 1,162 citations
False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions
1993 • 1,121 citations
Behavioral Regulation of the Milieu Interne in Man and Rat
1974 • 1,109 citations
Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
1987 • 1,094 citations
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
2012 • 1,073 citations
The Conceptual Framework of Psychology
1954 • 1,073 citations
The Journal of Psychophysiology:
2008 • 1,028 citations
Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states
1985 • 1,016 citations
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
1988 • 1,009 citations
Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect.
1988 • 955 citations
SOCIAL LEARNING IN ANIMALS: CATEGORIES AND MECHANISMS
1994 • 947 citations
Biology and cognitive development: the case of face recognition
1992 • 893 citations
Evolutionary explanations of emotions
1990 • 853 citations
Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
1965 • 829 citations
Anxiety and the Allocation of Attention to Threat
1988 • 813 citations
Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety
1990 • 811 citations
Face the Beast and Fear the Face: Animal and Social Fears as Prototypes for Evolutionary Analyses of Emotion
1986 • 736 citations
Idioms of distress: Alternatives in the expression of psychosocial distress: A case study from South India
1981 • 729 citations
The epidemiology of common fears and phobia
1969 • 690 citations
Fears, Phobias, and Rituals. Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders.
1987 • 686 citations
Biological boundaries of learning
1972 • 664 citations
Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory.
1991 • 617 citations
Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information.
1984 • 603 citations
The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear.
1992 • 591 citations
The “Visual Cliff”
1960 • 562 citations
Advances in psychophysiology
1994 • 561 citations
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
1996 • 544 citations
The Genetic Epidemiology of Phobias in Women
1992 • 542 citations
Electrodermal Activity in Psychological Research
1973 • 519 citations
The Cognitive Psychophysiology of Emotion
2019 • 514 citations
Learning and Computational Neuroscience: Foundations of Adaptive Networks
1990 • 510 citations
Affective judgment and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli.
1989 • 497 citations
The "visual cliff".
1960 • 497 citations
Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) screams: Representational signalling in the recruitment of agonistic aid
1984 • 489 citations
On the nature of fear.
1946 • 481 citations
"Unconscious anxiety": Phobic responses to masked stimuli.
1994 • 460 citations
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
1937 • 447 citations
Judgment of covariation by social perceivers.
1981 • 436 citations
Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology.
1984 • 423 citations
Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.
1993 • 422 citations
Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys.
1984 • 412 citations
Trends in behavior therapy
1979 • 381 citations
An operant analysis of problem solving
1984 • 375 citations
UNINSTRUCTED HUMAN REPONDING: SENSITIVITY TO RATIO AND INTERVAL CONTINGENCIES1
1977 • 350 citations
Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.
1993 • 349 citations
Animals Are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit
1969 • 346 citations
Infancy: Its Place in Human Development
1979 • 340 citations
On the automatic nature of phobic fear: Conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli.
1993 • 321 citations
Panic Disorder: A Critical Analysis
1994 • 319 citations
The experimental analysis of behavior : a biological perspective
1979 • 317 citations
Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions
1994 • 310 citations
Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear.
1993 • 310 citations
Issues in the ecological study of learning
1986 • 309 citations
Nonconscious associative learning: Pavlovian conditioning of skin conductance responses to masked fear‐relevant facial stimuli
1994 • 309 citations
UNINSTRUCTED HUMAN RESPONDING: SENSITIVITY OF LOW‐RATE PERFORMANCE TO SCHEDULE CONTINGENCIES
1981 • 305 citations
Observational conditioning of fear to fear-relevant versus fear-irrelevant stimuli in rhesus monkeys.
1989 • 301 citations
Biological Boundaries of Learning
1973 • 300 citations
A multiple-level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology
1981 • 284 citations
Cognitive processes and pavlovian conditioning in humans
1987 • 283 citations
Selection by consequences
1984 • 281 citations
Compulsive neurosis: A review of the literature.
1974 • 272 citations
On the automatic nature of phobic fear: Conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli.
1993 • 271 citations
Cultural Transmission of Enemy Recognition: One Function of Mobbing
1978 • 271 citations
Selective associations in the observational conditioning of fear in rhesus monkeys.
1990 • 266 citations
Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Retrospect and prospect
1983 • 264 citations
Preparedness and phobias: A review.
1987 • 263 citations
A cognitive model of panic attacks.
1988 • 261 citations
The adaptive significance of cultural behavior
1976 • 259 citations
Cells in Temporal Cortex of Conscious Sheep Can Respond Preferentially to the Sight of Faces
1987 • 254 citations
The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study
1990 • 246 citations
The Nature and Origin of Common Phobic Fears
1979 • 244 citations
Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli.
1977 • 237 citations
ON GOING BACK TO NATURE: A REVIEW OF SELIGMAN AND HAGER'S BIOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF LEARNING1
1974 • 229 citations
Panic disorder: a critical analysis
1995 • 205 citations
Patterns of Fear Development During Infancy.
1970 • 204 citations
Learning, Change, and Evolution: An Enquiry into the Teleonomy of Learning
1979 • 195 citations
The "Disgusting" Spider: The Role of Disease and Illness in the Perpetuation of Fear of Spiders
1994 • 192 citations
Fear-relevant selective associations and covariation bias.
1989 • 189 citations
Characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders
1991 • 188 citations
Negative beliefs of spider phobics: A psychometric evaluation of the spider phobia beliefs questionnaire
1993 • 185 citations
Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans
1987 • 178 citations
Fear-relevant selective associations and covariation bias.
1989 • 176 citations
Emotional learning, hedonic change, and the startle probe.
1993 • 169 citations
Preparedness and phobia: Effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning.
1986 • 168 citations
The Psychology of Fear and Stress
1973 • 163 citations
Preparedness and phobia: Effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning.
1986 • 161 citations
Emotional learning, hedonic change, and the startle probe.
1993 • 158 citations
Fear conditioning, meaning, and belongingness: A selective association analysis.
1989 • 156 citations
Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys.
1985 • 153 citations
An expectancy model of laboratory preparedness effects.
1992 • 153 citations
Fear conditioning, meaning, and belongingness: A selective association analysis.
1989 • 152 citations
Developmental explanation and the ontogeny of birdsong: Nature/nurture redux
1988 • 148 citations
Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Therapy
1987 • 146 citations
Ecological learning theory
1989 • 146 citations
Fears and phobias in women: A community study.
1982 • 143 citations
Probabilistic functionalism: A conception of research method.
1979 • 142 citations
Familial resemblances in disgust sensitivity and animal phobias
1993 • 141 citations
Immunization against the observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys.
1986 • 141 citations
Prepared phobias and obsessions: Therapeutic outcome
1977 • 140 citations
Animal Behavior: An evolutionary approach
1984 • 137 citations
Fears and phobias in women: A community study.
1982 • 133 citations
Information flow from sensation to emotion: Plasticity in the neural computation of stimulus value.
1990 • 132 citations
Disease-avoidance model: Factor analysis of common animal fears
1994 • 131 citations
Genetic and cultural pools: Some suggestions for a unified theory of biocultural evolution
1973 • 130 citations
• CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF ENEMY RECOGNITION BY BIRDS
2013 • 130 citations
Animal Models of Anxiety-Based Disorders
2019 • 130 citations
Unravelling animal behaviour
1986 • 129 citations
Probabilistic functionalism: A conception of research method.
1979 • 127 citations
Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys.
1985 • 125 citations
Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety and Their Disorders
1988 • 124 citations
Cumulative record (enlarged ed.).
1961 • 123 citations
Animal models of human behaviour
1984 • 122 citations
Electrodermal conditioning to potentially phobic stimuli: Effects of instructed extinction
1978 • 121 citations
The etiology of fear of heights and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns
1993 • 119 citations
Evolutionary Memories, Emotional Processing, and the Emotional Disorders
1992 • 118 citations
Concurrent measurement of awareness and electrodermal classical conditioning.
1973 • 118 citations
The etiology of childhood water phobia
1993 • 118 citations
A developmental-genetic analysis of common fears from early adolescence to early adulthood.
1983 • 115 citations
The Effects of Directional Facial Cues on Electrodermal Conditioning to Facial Stimuli
1983 • 108 citations
Age, gender and patterns of common intense fears among adults
1984 • 107 citations
Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
2013 • 104 citations
Fear of animals: What is prepared?
1984 • 102 citations
The Biological Basis of Human Nature.
1931 • 101 citations
Preattentive processing, preparedness and phobias: Effects of instruction on conditioned electrodermal responses to masked and non-masked fear-relevant
1993 • 100 citations
Orienting and Defensive Responding in the Electrodermal System: Palmar‐Dorsal Differences and Recovery Rate during Conditioning to Potentially Phobic Stimuli
1978 • 100 citations
Backward masking and skin conductance responses after conditioning to nonfeared but fear‐relevant stimuli in fearful subjects
1993 • 99 citations
Biological Constraints on Instrumental and Classical Conditioning: Implications for General Process Theory
1983 • 97 citations
A Developmental-Genetic Analysis of Common Fears from Early Adolescence to Early Adulthood
1983 • 96 citations
Theoretical foundations of behaviour therapy
1989 • 94 citations
Preparedness and preattentive associative learning: Electrodermal conditioning to masked stimuli.
1995 • 93 citations
Greater Resistance to Extinction of Electrodermal Responses Conditioned to Potentially Phobic CSs: A Noncognitive Process?
1986 • 90 citations
The consistency model: A process model for absolute judgments.
1992 • 89 citations
Signifying Animals
2003 • 87 citations
TOWARDS AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR SIMPLE PHOBIC REACTIONS.
1977 • 85 citations
Covariation detection in treated and untreated spider phobics.
1992 • 83 citations
Second-order conditioning and overshadowing in the observational conditioning of fear in monkeys
1987 • 83 citations
An evolutionary perspective on panic disorder and agoraphobia
1987 • 83 citations
Effects of Potentially Phobic Conditioned Stimuli on Retention, Reconditioning, and Extinction of the Conditioned Skin Conductance Response
1991 • 80 citations
The loomingness of danger: Does it discriminate focal phobia and general anxiety from depression?
1992 • 78 citations
Orienting and attention: Preferred preattentive processing of potentially phobic stimuli.
1992 • 77 citations
Unravelling animal behaviour
1986 • 75 citations
Sex differences in fear of spiders.
1983 • 74 citations
Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: Behavioral and endocrine characteristics
1991 • 73 citations
Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.
1977 • 71 citations
Resistance to extinction of fear-relevant stimuli: Preparedness or selective sensitization?
1993 • 71 citations
Contingencies of Reinforcement
2013 • 71 citations
The impact of anxiety on visual attention to central and peripheral events
1989 • 70 citations
Biological vs experiential factors in phobic conditioning
1981 • 70 citations
The Onset of Contingency Awareness and Electrodermal Classical Conditioning: An Analysis of Temporal Relationships during Acquisition and Extinction
1977 • 70 citations
The expectancy bias model of selective associations: The relationship of judgments of CS dangerousness, CS-UCS similarity and prior fear to a priori and a posteriori covariation assessments
1996 • 68 citations
Hypnosis and Behavior Therapy : The Treatment of Anxiety and Phobias
1983 • 68 citations
Mood disorders and cognition.
1990 • 68 citations
Maternal vocal control of behavioral inhibition in mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos).
1980 • 67 citations
A Primate Model of Phobic Fears
1987 • 65 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos): IV. Effects of social experience.
1986 • 62 citations
The Next Big Problem in Developmental Biology
1987 • 60 citations
A Reexamination of Fear and Its Determinants on the Visual Cliff
1984 • 60 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings: VIII. Interaction between developmental history and behavioral context
1989 • 58 citations
Handbook of behavior therapy and psychological science: An integrative approach
1992 • 58 citations
Advances in behaviour research and therapy
1994 • 58 citations
Effects of experience with live insects on the development of fear of snakes in squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus
1993 • 57 citations
Interaction between instructions and ISI in conditioning and extinction of the GSR.
1967 • 56 citations
Affective, Behavioral, and Avoidance Responses on the Visual Cliff: Effects of Crawling Onset Age, Crawling Experience, and Testing Age
1983 • 55 citations
Observational learning of discriminative avoidance in hooded rats
1975 • 53 citations
Expectancy models of laboratory preparedness effects: A UCS-Expectancy bias in phylogenetic and ontogenetic fear-relevant stimuli
1993 • 51 citations
Instructions and the orienting reflex in semantic conditioning of the galvanic skin response in an innocuous situation.
1977 • 50 citations
Cognitive factors in differential conditioning of the GSR: Use of a reaction time task as the UCS with normals and schizophrenics.
1969 • 50 citations
Effects of Differences in Early Social Experience on Primate Neurobiological–Behavioral Development
1985 • 49 citations
The Biological Basis of Human Nature
1930 • 49 citations
Covariation bias and electrodermal responding in spider phobics before and after behavioural treatment
1991 • 49 citations
Empathic learning of a passive-avoidance response in domesticated Rattus norvegicus
1971 • 48 citations
The Yoruba ontology of personality and motivation: a multidisciplinary approach*1, *2
1981 • 48 citations
Many stimuli are frightening, but some are more frightening than others: The contributions of preparedness, dangerousness, and unpredictability to making a stimulus fearful
1988 • 46 citations
FEAR OF ANIMALS: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FEAR RATINGS AND PERCEIVED CHARACTERISTICS
1987 • 46 citations
Phobic states presenting as somatic complaints syndromes in Nigeria: socio‐cultural factors associated with diagnosis and psychotherapy
1985 • 45 citations
Overprediction of anxiety, and disconfirmatory processes, in anxiety disorders
1994 • 45 citations
Hypnosis and behavior therapy: The treatment of anxiety and phobias
1984 • 44 citations
Does Culture Appreciably Affect Patterns of Infant Behavior?
1940 • 43 citations
Covariation bias in phobia: Mere resistance to preexperimental expectancies?
1993 • 41 citations
Observation and discrimination learning in the rat: Effects of stimulus substitution
1976 • 39 citations
Patterns of Phobic Neurosis: A Retrospective Study
1985 • 38 citations
Social context affects the ontogeny of instinctive behaviour
1994 • 37 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings: multiple pathways in behavioural development
1990 • 37 citations
Phobias and preparedness: replication and extension
1988 • 36 citations
The etiology of fear of spiders
1995 • 36 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings: The inadequacy of learning and genetic explanations of instinctive behavior
1984 • 36 citations
Covariation Bias and Paranormal Belief
1996 • 35 citations
‘Preparedness’ and the severity and outcome of clinical phobias
1986 • 35 citations
Phobias in India and the United Kingdom
1986 • 32 citations
Fish as forbidden food: The case of India
1974 • 30 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos): VI. Effects of sibling and self-produced auditory stimulation.
1988 • 28 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos): VI. Effects of sibling and self-produced auditory stimulation.
1988 • 27 citations
Alarm call responsivity of mallard ducklings: VII. Auditory experience maintains freezing
1988 • 27 citations
Contextual stimulus control of conditional vasomotor and electrodermal reactions to angry and friendly faces
1985 • 26 citations
Effects of interstimulus interval, forewarning, and instructions on extinction of the GSR.
1967 • 25 citations
Beyond interactionism: A transactional approach to behavioral development
1988 • 25 citations
A stochastic optimality theory of preparedness and plasticity
1995 • 25 citations
Depression and Helplessness in Primates
1982 • 23 citations
Clinical Anxiety and Cognition
1987 • 22 citations
The development of social attachments in birds and man.
1969 • 21 citations
Selective associations in the origins of phobic fears and their implications for behavior therapy.
1991 • 20 citations
Developmental interactionism: An integrative framework for behavior therapy
1987 • 7 citations