A multiple-level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology

The genetical theory of natural selection

1930 • 17,330 citations

The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I

1964 • 15,639 citations

The Selfish Gene

1976 • 10,856 citations

The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism

1971 • 10,660 citations

Parental Investment and Sexual Selection

2017 • 9,626 citations

EVOLUTION IN MENDELIAN POPULATIONS

1931 • 8,698 citations

Evolution and the Theory of Games

1988 • 8,244 citations

The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme

1979 • 7,466 citations

Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man

2017 • 6,982 citations

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.

1976 • 6,498 citations

The Logic of Animal Conflict

1973 • 5,835 citations

The Insect Societies

1971 • 4,665 citations

On aims and methods of Ethology

1963 • 4,190 citations

Parent-Offspring Conflict

1974 • 4,102 citations

Adaptation and Natural Selection

2008 • 4,032 citations

Objective Knowledge, an Evolutionary Approach.

1973 • 3,921 citations

The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion

1968 • 3,681 citations

THE GENETIC BASIS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

1975 • 3,588 citations

Rules and Representations.

1982 • 2,879 citations

Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees

1975 • 2,796 citations

The Study of Instinct

1952 • 2,758 citations

Rules and representations

1980 • 2,398 citations

Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite

1980 • 2,095 citations

The strategy of the genes

1957 • 2,000 citations

Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning

1966 • 1,963 citations

On Human Nature

1978 • 1,919 citations

The Units of Selection

1970 • 1,857 citations

Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution

1980 • 1,779 citations

Cause and Effect in Biology

1961 • 1,719 citations

Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.

1970 • 1,591 citations

OBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

1973 • 1,499 citations

Design for a Brain

1952 • 1,473 citations

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.

1976 • 1,394 citations

The Philosophy of Karl Popper.

1975 • 1,352 citations

The Causes of Evolution

1966 • 1,352 citations

Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture

1983 • 1,265 citations

Darwinism and Human Affairs.

1981 • 1,206 citations

Agricultural Involution

1963 • 1,135 citations

Growing Points in Ethology

1976 • 1,127 citations

On Cause and Effect in Biology

1962 • 1,103 citations

The "supersitition" experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior.

1971 • 1,066 citations

Evolution and Modification of Behavior

1965 • 1,065 citations

Perspectives in Ethology

1973 • 1,059 citations

Parental investment: A prospective analysis

1977 • 1,054 citations

Towards a Theoretical Biology

1968 • 1,040 citations

Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia

1963 • 1,001 citations

Individuality and Selection

1980 • 962 citations

Darwinism and human affairs

1980 • 959 citations

On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition.

1975 • 954 citations

Listening in the Dark

1958 • 869 citations

The Random House dictionary of the English language

1967 • 854 citations

Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology

1968 • 848 citations

Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture?

2019 • 808 citations

Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior

1979 • 802 citations

The Use and Abuse of Biology

1976 • 784 citations

The Philosophy of Karl Popper

1974 • 768 citations

Man, the State, and War

1959 • 757 citations

Evolution and Environment

1968 • 733 citations

The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology

1967 • 714 citations

Variation and Selective retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution

1965 • 707 citations

‘Downward Causation’ in Hierarchically Organised Biological Systems

1974 • 701 citations

Innate and environmental factors in the development of the kitten's visual cortex.

1975 • 692 citations

The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion.

1968 • 674 citations

Behavior and Evolution

1959 • 654 citations

Development and Evolution.

1903 • 652 citations

Embryos and ancestors

1940 • 619 citations

Animal Behavior: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology

1967 • 593 citations

Sexual selection, social competition and evolution

1979 • 592 citations

Studies in the Philosophy of Biology

1974 • 567 citations

Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?

1987 • 564 citations

Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?

1980 • 558 citations

The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Behavior

1966 • 544 citations

Sociobiology and Behavior

1976 • 522 citations

Behavior and Evolution.

1959 • 510 citations

The philosophy of biology

1973 • 464 citations

Sociobiology as an adaptationist program

1979 • 430 citations

On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: I. Effect of inherent characteristics

1951 • 425 citations

L'instinct dans le comportement des animaux et de l'homme

1956 • 413 citations

Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning

1981 • 401 citations

Evolution and the Theory of Games

1977 • 399 citations

Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology.

1961 • 395 citations

Handbook of Psychobiology

1975 • 390 citations

The use and abuse of biology

1976 • 371 citations

Group Selection, Altruism, and the Levels of Organization of Life

1978 • 368 citations

Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype3

2010 • 364 citations

An Optimal Strategy of Evolution

1974 • 339 citations

Beyond neo-Darwinism—an epigenetic approach to evolution

1979 • 334 citations

Is a cultural ethology possible?

1975 • 331 citations

Ontogeny and Phytogeny

1978 • 330 citations

GENIC AND ORGANISMIC SELECTION

1980 • 330 citations

"Hypotheses" in rats.

1932 • 326 citations

The Evolution of Human Social Behavior

1980 • 326 citations

Size and Cycle

1965 • 314 citations

On the Fitness of Behavior Sequences

1976 • 293 citations

Development and evolution

1902 • 289 citations

Models of hierarchy formation in animal societies

1974 • 284 citations

On the Parallel Between Learning and Evolution

1951 • 282 citations

Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis

1974 • 277 citations

Social Psychology at the Crossroads

1951 • 274 citations

Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution

1980 • 273 citations

Cultural and biological evolutionary processes, selection for a trait under complex transmission

1976 • 268 citations

Area effects inCepaea

1963 • 266 citations

Perspectives in Ethology

1976 • 261 citations

Social Process and Hierarchy Formation in Small Groups: A Comparative Perspective

1980 • 260 citations

The adaptive significance of cultural behavior

1976 • 259 citations

Developmental Neurobiology of Vision

1979 • 253 citations

Human Family Systems: An Evolutionary View.

1981 • 253 citations

BIOSOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

2018 • 248 citations

Human Family Systems: An Evolutionary View

1980 • 247 citations

Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory.

1967 • 240 citations

Territoriality and Non-Random Mating in Sage Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus

1973 • 238 citations

The search for a general theory of behavior

1975 • 235 citations

Cooperative and Noncooperative Behavior in Animals

1980 • 229 citations

The Sociobiology Debate

1978 • 228 citations

Sociobiology and Behavior

1978 • 227 citations

Territoriality and non-random mating in sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus

1973 • 225 citations

On the circularity of the law of effect.

1950 • 224 citations

The evolution of life

1960 • 221 citations

The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man

1966 • 219 citations

Social Psychology at the Crossroads

1952 • 216 citations

Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense?

1979 • 210 citations

A dual inheritance model of the human evolutionary process I: Basic postulates and a simple model

1978 • 209 citations

Cytoplasmic Genetics and Evolution

1976 • 206 citations

Mental Development in the Child and the Race.

1895 • 205 citations

Teleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis

1974 • 198 citations

Learning, Change, and Evolution: An Enquiry into the Teleonomy of Learning

1979 • 195 citations

Evolutionarily stable nesting strategy in a digger wasp

1979 • 195 citations

Comparative animal behavior.

1978 • 189 citations

Size and Cycle

1965 • 185 citations

Sociobiology: Sense or Nonsense?

1979 • 169 citations

Resolution of cultural and biological inheritance by path analysis.

1976 • 159 citations

THE ROLE OF SOMATIC CHANGE IN EVOLUTION

1963 • 157 citations

DETERMINANTS OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

1979 • 157 citations

Culture and Sociobiology

1978 • 156 citations

Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present

1974 • 145 citations

On the Biology of Learning

1970 • 137 citations

On the Genetics of Altruism and the Counter‐Hedonic Components in Human Culture¹

1972 • 133 citations

Perception as substitute trial and error.

1956 • 133 citations

Genetic and cultural pools: Some suggestions for a unified theory of biocultural evolution

1973 • 130 citations

Translation of epigenetic rules of individual behavior into ethnographic patterns

1980 • 129 citations

Determinants of Spatial Organization

1979 • 126 citations

On Social Differentiation in Groups of Captive Female Hamadryas Baboons

1978 • 118 citations

Sociobiology, culture and economic theory

1980 • 113 citations

Sociobiology and Human Nature.

1980 • 111 citations

Social hierarchy and dominance

1975 • 111 citations

THE INHERITANCE OF POLYMORPHIC SHELL CHARACTERS IN PARTULA (GASTROPODA)

1966 • 102 citations

Problems in the bio-psychology of social organization.

1946 • 97 citations

A Sketch of an Ecological Metatheory for Theories of Learning

1980 • 94 citations

Behavior-genetic, or "experimental," analysis: The challenge of science versus the lure of technology.

1967 • 93 citations

Programs of Gene Action and Progressive Evolution

1976 • 92 citations

Cultural Evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Southeast Asia¹

1970 • 91 citations

Science and the Concept of Race.

1968 • 85 citations

Somatic Selection and Adaptive Evolution

1980 • 79 citations

Genetic diversity and natural selection

1972 • 78 citations

The Relation of Adaptability to Adaptation

1942 • 77 citations

THE EVOLUTION OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION. III. JOINT TRANSMISSION OF GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT

1978 • 72 citations

Man-in-Society

1960 • 71 citations

Darwinism and the Study of Society

1958 • 69 citations

The war between the words: Biological versus social evolution and some related issues.

1976 • 67 citations

Genetics and the diversity of behavior.

1972 • 66 citations

Is Science Sexist?

1981 • 66 citations

Are There Gay Genes?

1981 • 63 citations

Adaptation and Natural Selection

2018 • 61 citations

Altruism in science: A sociobiological model of co-operative behaviour among scientists

1978 • 61 citations

Man in Adaptation: The Biosocial Background

1974 • 58 citations

Is Science Sexist?: And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences

2011 • 56 citations

Human ecology: An environmental approach

1976 • 53 citations

Darwinism and the Study of Society

1959 • 52 citations

Rethinking Culture: A Project for Current Anthropologists [and Comments and Reply]

1973 • 48 citations

Studies in Animal Behavior

1917 • 47 citations

The adaptive significance of cultural behavior: Comments and reply

1977 • 46 citations

Studies on Sexual Selection in Mice. II. Reproductive Competition between Black and Brown Males

1965 • 46 citations

Constraints on human behaviour

1978 • 44 citations

The Perfectible Brain: Principles of Neuronal Development

1975 • 44 citations

Studies on Sexual Selection in Mice. III. Effects of the Gene for Albinism

1966 • 41 citations

The Decline and Fall of Sociology, 1975–2000

2019 • 41 citations

Constraints on Human Behaviour

1988 • 39 citations

THE EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS OF ALTRUISM AND URBAN SOCIAL ORDER

1976 • 33 citations

Science and the concept of race

1969 • 33 citations

Defining sociobiology

1979 • 32 citations

"On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition": Comment.

1976 • 32 citations

Studies in animal behavior.

1916 • 31 citations

Encounter: The Envelope and the Twing

1978 • 31 citations

Units “of” selection: The end of “of”?

1981 • 29 citations

Grundriss der Ethnologischen Jurisprudenz .—Albert Hermann Post.—Two Vols.—Oldenburg and Leipzig, 1895; Ethnologische Studien zur Ersten Entwicklung der Straf —S. R. Steinmetz.—two Vols.—Leiden and Leipzig, 1894.

1895 • 29 citations

Is an ecological approach radical enough?

1981 • 28 citations

‘Species-typicality’: Can individuals have typical parts?

1981 • 28 citations

Why Electromagnetism Is the Only Causal ‘Spook’ Required to Explain Completely Any Human Behavior or Institution

1980 • 28 citations

Growth in Relation to Differentiation and Morphogenesis

1949 • 14 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations