The validity of animal models of depression

Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death

1975 • 6,201 citations

Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments

1977 • 4,272 citations

Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants.

1977 • 3,241 citations

A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation

1969 • 3,056 citations

Behavioural despair in rats: A new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments

1978 • 3,035 citations

Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence.

1976 • 2,255 citations

The social origins of depression

1979 • 2,215 citations

Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life

1976 • 1,275 citations

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists

1957 • 1,233 citations

The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research

1975 • 1,070 citations

Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives.

1975 • 967 citations

A functional analysis of depression.

1973 • 873 citations

Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: Implications for a model of depression

1981 • 838 citations

Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life

1973 • 799 citations

Disrupted 24-hour Patterns of Cortisol Secretion in Psychotic Depression

1973 • 761 citations

NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

1968 • 733 citations

Animal Model of Depression

1969 • 705 citations

Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: Relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain

1981 • 659 citations

“Behavioural despair” in rats and mice: Strain differences and the effects of imipramine

1978 • 604 citations

Endogenomorphic Depression

1974 • 582 citations

Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: Effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity

1979 • 576 citations

Mode of action of antidepressant drugs

1978 • 514 citations

Psychopathology : experimental models

1977 • 488 citations

Psychiatric illness in family practice.

1980 • 471 citations

Learned helplessness in the rat.

1975 • 465 citations

Animal model of depression: Pharmacological sensitivity of a hedonic deficit

1982 • 452 citations

REM latency: a psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease.

1976 • 445 citations

Depression: The predisposing influence of stress

1982 • 431 citations

Effects of coping responses on stress.

1968 • 406 citations

Life Events and Depressive Disorder Reviewed

1980 • 402 citations

Hospitalism

1946 • 401 citations

Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Conceptual Models

1978 • 399 citations

Depressive Disorders: Toward a Unified Hypothesis

1973 • 392 citations

Classification of Depressed Patients: A Cluster Analysis Derived Grouping

1971 • 392 citations

Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression

1982 • 383 citations

Hypothalamic Control of Feeding and Self-Stimulation

1962 • 376 citations

Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 16

1985 • 366 citations

The symptoms of major depressive illness

1981 • 358 citations

Typical and atypical antidepressants. Molecular mechanisms.

1982 • 315 citations

The Psychobiology of the Depressive Disorders: Implications for the Effects of Stress

1980 • 314 citations

The Reaction to Separation in Infant Monkeys: Anaclitic Depression and Conservation-Withdrawal

1967 • 307 citations

Learned helplessness in the rat: Time course, immunization, and reversibility.

1975 • 285 citations

The effects of psychomotor stimulants on stereotypy and locomotor activity in socially-deprived and control rats

1975 • 280 citations

Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance

1979 • 277 citations

Circadian Rhythm Mechanisms in Affective Illness and in Antidepressant Drug Action

1982 • 254 citations

Life Events and Depressive Disorder Reviewed

1980 • 244 citations

Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress

1978 • 242 citations

The Stress Response: A New Perspective

1979 • 238 citations

Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues.

1978 • 229 citations

Animal models and human depressive disorders

1981 • 221 citations

ELECTRICAL SELF-STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN IN MAN

1963 • 220 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma free cortisol concentrations in depression

1976 • 210 citations

Amphetamine and the reward system: Evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression

1976 • 203 citations

Psychopharmacology of Aggression

1980 • 201 citations

Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment and Conceptual Models

1977 • 198 citations

Discriminating between reward and performance: A critical review of intracranial self-stimulation methodology

1983 • 174 citations

Social Origins Of Depression. A Study Of Psychiatric Disorder In Women. By George W. Brown and Tirril Harris. (Tavistock Publications, London, 1978.) Price £12·50.

1979 • 171 citations

The sleep therapies of depression

1983 • 168 citations

Zero order drug delivery from double-layered porous films: release rate profiles from ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol mixtures

1980 • 166 citations

Theoretical implications of drug-induced adaptive regulation for a biogenic amine hypothesis of affective disorder.

1974 • 164 citations

Psychiatric Aspects of Diabetes Mellitus

1981 • 162 citations

Effects of antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test

1981 • 160 citations

Effects of drugs on the mouse-killing (muricide) test and its relationship to amygdaloid function

1966 • 156 citations

Effect of repetitive infant-infant separation of young monkeys.

1970 • 154 citations

Reversal of learned helplessness by imipramine.

1979 • 153 citations

Increased Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats After Long-Term Administration of Desipramine

1981 • 152 citations

Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter biogenic amine metabolism and depression

1979 • 147 citations

Current perspectives on childhood depression: an overview

1981 • 146 citations

Depression: Loss of reinforcers of loss of reinforcer effectiveness?

1972 • 144 citations

The role of life events in depressive illness: is there a substantial causal relation?

1981 • 142 citations

Psychiatric complications of medical drugs

1973 • 142 citations

Effects of Imipramine Treatment of Separation-Induced Social Disorders in Rhesus Monkeys

1978 • 141 citations

Amphetamine Withdrawal: Affective State, Sleep Patterns, and MHPG Excretion

1972 • 139 citations

Interactions between reserpine, chlorpromazine, and imipramine

1960 • 138 citations

Psychopharmacology of Affective Disorders

1980 • 138 citations

Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues.

1978 • 132 citations

A simple screening procedure for imipramine-like antidepressant agents

1963 • 131 citations

THE ACTION OF DESMETHYLIMIPRAMINE IN COUNTERACTING SEDATION AND CHOLINERGIC EFFECTS OF RESERPINE-LIKE DRUGS

1964 • 131 citations

Brain control : a critical examination of brain stimulation and psychosurgery

1974 • 128 citations

Contemporary theories of depression: Critique and comparison.

1977 • 126 citations

ATTACHMENT, LOSS, AND DEPRESSION^*

1981 • 126 citations

Effects of hunger and male sex hormone on self-stimulation of the brain.

1958 • 125 citations

Life Events and Onset of Primary Affective Disorders

1967 • 125 citations

The pharmacology of seizures induced by sensitization with low intensity brain stimulation

1973 • 124 citations

EFFECTS OF MATERNAL AND PEER SEPARATIONS ON YOUNG MONKEYS

1976 • 118 citations

Olfactory projection systems, drugs and behaviour: A review

1979 • 113 citations

OLFACTORY BULB ABLATION IN THE RAT: BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AND THEIR REVERSAL BY ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS

1977 • 113 citations

Models of cognitive impairment: cognitive changes in depression.

1982 • 112 citations

Post-amphetamine depression of self-stimulation responding from the substantia nigra: Reversal by tricyclic antidepressants

1980 • 109 citations

Selective block of rat mouse-killing by antidepressants

1965 • 109 citations

Anxiety and depression-withdrawal: the primary affects of unpleasure.

1962 • 104 citations

Hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation: Further studies on a new animal model for the detection of antidepressants

1981 • 103 citations

The effects of isolation rearing on exploration in the rat

1977 • 99 citations

Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of an appetitive operant

1978 • 98 citations

Desmethylimipramine (DMI) counteracts learned helplessness in rats

1979 • 98 citations

Postsynaptic action by four antidepressive drugs in an animal model of depression

1981 • 97 citations

On the mechanism of amphetamine potentiation by desipramine (DMI)

1966 • 97 citations

Effects of centrally active drugs on four models of experimentally-induced agreession in rodents

1969 • 97 citations

Effects of chronic amphetamine or reserpine on self-stimulation responding: Animal model of depression?

1980 • 96 citations

The Effects of Isolation Rearing on Behavioural Inhibition in the Rat

1975 • 96 citations

Mother-Infant Separation in Rhesus Monkeys as a Model of Human Depression

1976 • 96 citations

Amitriptyline and scopolamine in an animal model of depression

1981 • 95 citations

Pre- and postsynaptic serotonergic manipulations in an animal model of depression

1980 • 92 citations

Enkephalin and other peptides reduce passiveness

1978 • 91 citations

Different central effects of the 5-HT antagonists mianserine and cyproheptadine.

1972 • 90 citations

Behavioral effects of interacting imipramine and other drugs with d-amphetamine, cocaine, and tetrabenazine

1964 • 89 citations

Effects of olfactory bulbectomy and domicile on stress-induced corticosterone release in the rat

1977 • 89 citations

Effects of antidepressants and anticholinergics in a mouse “behavioral despair” test

1979 • 87 citations

Potentiation of the behavioral effects of amphetamine by imipramine

1961 • 86 citations

Some factors influencing the effects of temporary mother-infant separation: some experiments with rhesus monkeys

1977 • 86 citations

Influence of control of shock on subsequent shock-elicited aggression.

1972 • 86 citations

A new model for the detection of antidepressant drugs: Olfactory bulbectomy in the rat compared with existing models

1978 • 85 citations

Selective factors in memory. Part 2: affective disorder

1972 • 85 citations

Evidence that the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs both involve alterations in circadian rhythms.

1982 • 84 citations

Possible Mode of Antidepressive Action of Imipramine

1961 • 83 citations

Antidepressants selectively antagonize the hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation

1979 • 82 citations

Contemporary theories of depression: Critique and comparison.

1977 • 82 citations

Antidepressants: neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives

1982 • 80 citations

THE INCREASE IN THE TOXICITY OF YOHIMBINE INDUCED BY IMIPRAMINE AND OTHER DRUGS IN MICE

1963 • 79 citations

Blood and brain concentrations of imipramine, clomipramine and their monomethylated metabolites after oral and intramuscular administration in rats

1977 • 78 citations

Non-specificity of “behavioral despair” as an animal model of depression

1979 • 76 citations

The Effect of Early Deprivation on the Social Behavior of Adolescent Chimpanzees

1969 • 74 citations

The effects of environmental restriction upon the chimpanzee's responsiveness to objects.

1963 • 73 citations

The development of intersession habituation and emergence in socially reared and isolated rats

1975 • 73 citations

Serotonin-mimetic and antidepressant drugs on passive avoidance learning by olfactory bulbectomised rats

1980 • 72 citations

Further studies on a novel animal model of depression: Therapeutic effects of a tricyclic antidepressant

1981 • 72 citations

Changes in brain catecholamine turnover and receptor sensitivity induced by social deprivation in rats

1978 • 67 citations

Effects of Environmental Restriction upon the Chimpanzee's Responsiveness in Novel Situations.

1963 • 66 citations

Depression in Bereavement and Divorce

1975 • 66 citations

Response sensitization and depression following long-term amphetamine treatment in a self-stimulation paradigm

1980 • 64 citations

Animal model of depression: Tests of three structurally and pharmacologically novel antidepressant compounds

1982 • 62 citations

The clinical phenomenology of childhood depression.

1982 • 61 citations

The generality of learned helplessness in the rat

1977 • 60 citations

Activity of antihistamines in laboratory antidepressant tests

1969 • 59 citations

Typical and atypical antidepressants. Clinical practice.

1982 • 56 citations

Amphetamine and tranylcypromine in an animal model of depression: Pharmacological specificity of the reversal effect

1981 • 56 citations

Animal model of depression: Effects of electroconvulsive shock therapy

1981 • 56 citations

A COMPARISON OF IMIPRAMINE, CHLORPROMAZINE AND RELATED DRUGS IN VARIOUS TESTS INVOLVING AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS AND ANTAGONISM OF RESERPINE

1964 • 55 citations

Escapability and generalization: Effect on ‘behavioral despair’

1982 • 55 citations

Cyclic activity changes during extinction in rats: A potential model of depression

1974 • 55 citations

A further parametric study of imipramine in an animal model of depression

1982 • 54 citations

Separation and depression

1974 • 53 citations

Structural relationship and potency of agents which selectively block mouse killing (muricide) behavior in rats

1969 • 53 citations

Behavioral withdrawal following several psychoactive drugs

1977 • 52 citations

Behavioral effects of peer separation, isolation, and reunion on adolescent male rhesus monkeys

1972 • 52 citations

Typical and Atypical Antidepressants. Clinical Practice

1983 • 50 citations

Brain Stimulation Reward

2010 • 48 citations

Variations in unsignaled inescapable preshock as determinants of response to punishment.

1968 • 47 citations

An Introduction to Psychopharmacology

1971 • 46 citations

Desmethylimipramine, a New Type of Antidepressant Drug

1961 • 45 citations

Further characterization of the behavioral despair test in mice: Positive effects of convulsants

1982 • 44 citations

Primary affective disorder: MMPI differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects

1973 • 42 citations

Effects of amphetamine on urinary and tissue catecholamines in rats after inhibition of its metabolism with desmethylimipramine

1968 • 42 citations

Demonstration of Anti-Depressant or Stimulant Properties of Imipramine in Experimental Animals

1961 • 42 citations

Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of a low-activity response in an appetitive context

1981 • 42 citations

Effects of psychoactive drugs on yohimbine induced responses in conscious dogs. A proposed screening procedure for anti-anxiety agents.

1963 • 41 citations

Pharmacological modification of experimental depression in infant macaques

1979 • 40 citations

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SEPARATION EXPERIENCE ON RHESUS MONKEYS 5 MONTHS LATER

1978 • 40 citations

Effects of psychotropic drugs injected into the limbic structures on mouse-killing behavior in the rat with olfactory bulb ablations

1979 • 40 citations

Psychoactive drug effect on behavioural changes induced by prolonged socio-environmental deprivation in rats

1976 • 38 citations

Specificity of brain stimulation reward in the rat.

1971 • 37 citations

The effects of antihistamines in a modified behavioral despair test.

1979 • 37 citations

Depression Can Be Induced in a Bonnet Macaque Infant

1978 • 35 citations

Chlorpromazine Treatment of Disturbed Monkeys

1973 • 34 citations

On “learned helplessness”: The therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive shocks

1977 • 33 citations

Selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in cats by typical and atypical antidepressants.

1982 • 31 citations

Reward system depression following chronic amphetamine: Antagonism by haloperidol

1980 • 31 citations

Further analysis of the specificity of a novel animal model of depression—effects of an antihistaminic, antipsychotic and anxiolytic compound

1982 • 31 citations

Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations into the mechanisms of action of bupropion . HCl--a new atypical antidepressant agent.

1982 • 30 citations

The effects of antihistamines in a modified behavioral despair test.

1979 • 29 citations

Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Yohimbine Induced Responses in Conscious Dogs

1962 • 28 citations

Factors Affecting Responses to Social Separation in Rhesus Monkeys

1976 • 27 citations

Influence of Imipramine-like Compounds and Chlorpromazine on the Reserpine-Hypothermia in Mice and the Amphetamine-Hyperthermia in Rats

1965 • 27 citations

Antagonism to reserpine induced depression by imipramine, related psychoactive drugs, and some autonomic agents

1965 • 27 citations

Action of serotoninmimetics in the behavioral despair test in rats.

1979 • 26 citations

ENDOGENEITY AND REACTIVITY AS ORTHOGONAL DIMENSIONS IN DEPRESSION

1977 • 26 citations

A critical study on RO-4-1284 antagonism in mice.

1975 • 25 citations

Historical Background in Children with Affective Disorders

1973 • 25 citations

The effect of imipramine and selected drugs on attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in the cat

1971 • 24 citations

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS AND REVERSAL OF DIURNAL ACTIVITY CYCLES IN RAT

1975 • 24 citations

Effect of tricyclic antidepessants on attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation: relation to brain biogenic amines.

1973 • 23 citations

Psychopharmacology of depression

2007 • 22 citations

The Applicability of Inescapable Shock as a Source of Animal Depression

1977 • 22 citations

Adrenergic nonspecific potentiation of yohimbine toxicity in mice by antidepressants and related drugs and antiyohimbine action of antiadrenergic and serotonergic drugs

1980 • 21 citations

Effects of acute and subacute antidepressant treatment on kindled seizures in rats

1982 • 21 citations

An Analysis of Amphetamine Toxicity and Patterns of Use

1972 • 20 citations

The evaluation of a new animal method for the prediction of clinical anti-depressant activity

1969 • 20 citations

Delayed emergence of antidepressant efficacy following withdrawal in olfactory bulbectomized rats

1981 • 19 citations

Awakening from Reserpine Sedation by α-Methyldopa

1963 • 16 citations

[COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WITH TOFRANIL, PERTOFRAN AND INSIDON].

1964 • 16 citations

Antidepressant Agents

1971 • 15 citations

Reversal of reserpine-induced bradykinesia bya-methyldopa - new light on its modus operandi

1974 • 15 citations

On the mode of action of mianserin.

1982 • 14 citations

Human Personality Development in an Ethological Light

1976 • 14 citations

Observations concerning adrenergic functions and antidepressant activity: Pharmacological, biochemical and clinical results with a new imidazo-quinazoline derivative¹

1968 • 14 citations

A reward-reduction model of depression using self stimulating rats: An appraisal

1979 • 13 citations

Depression: Loss of Reinforcers or Loss of Reinforcer Effectiveness? – Republished Article

2016 • 13 citations

Psychosomatic aspects of catecholamine depletion: Comparative studies of metabolic, endocrine and affective changes☆

1976 • 13 citations

Salbutamol treatment of depression.

1982 • 13 citations

Chronic administration of electroconvulsive shock effects on mouse-killing activity and brain monoamines in rats

1973 • 13 citations

Trazodone--a new type of antidepressant: a discussion of pharmacological data and their clinical implications.

1982 • 12 citations

The new antidepressant pirlindole. A comparison with imipramine and tranylcypromine.

1979 • 12 citations

Symptom Change and Prognosis in Clinic Psychotherapy

1977 • 12 citations

The effect of antidepressants on behavioral despair in rats.

1980 • 12 citations

Stress, neurochemical substrates, and depression: Concomitants are not necessarily causes

1982 • 12 citations

Development of psychotropic drugs.

1975 • 12 citations

Biochemical and Pharmacological Studies on an Animal Model of Hyperactivity States

1977 • 11 citations

The evaluation of central nervous system stimulants in a new laboratory test for antidepressants

1969 • 11 citations

Swimming mice: in search of an animal model for human depression

1982 • 9 citations

The effect of electrically induced convulsions on the behavior of normal and abnormal rhesus monkeys.

1976 • 9 citations

Changes of Brain Monoamines in the Animal Model for Depression

1984 • 8 citations

Preclinical evaluation of AHR-1118, a potential antidepressant drug.

1970 • 8 citations

Discussion of Papers by Suomi and Bowlby

1976 • 7 citations

Drug treatment of depression in children.

1981 • 5 citations

The influence of LSD on locomotor activity in reserpinized mice.

1974 • 5 citations

The Impact of Biology on Modern Psychiatry

1977 • 5 citations

A reappraisal of the interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and reserpine-like drugs

1978 • 5 citations

Exploration of the antidepressant potential of iprindole

1976 • 3 citations