A pharmacological analysis of processes underlying differential responding: a review and further experiments with scopolamine, amphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), chlordiazepoxide, physostigmine, and chlorpromazine

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1988 • 2,778 citations

On the generality of the laws of learning.

1970 • 1,732 citations

Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.

1970 • 1,591 citations

Integrative activity of the brain

1967 • 1,388 citations

Inhibition and Learning

1973 • 1,092 citations

Amphetamines and related compounds

1971 • 979 citations

Psychopharmacology. A Review of Progress, 1957-1967

1969 • 844 citations

NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

1968 • 733 citations

Cholinergic mechanisms in the control of behavior by the brain.

1963 • 542 citations

Determinants of the specificity of behavioral effects of drugs

2007 • 534 citations

THE FORM OF THE AUTO‐SHAPED RESPONSE WITH FOOD OR WATER REINFORCERS¹

1973 • 490 citations

Self Administration of and Behavioral Dependence on Drugs

1969 • 489 citations

Reinforcement and Behavior

1969 • 469 citations

Analysis of behavioral change

1968 • 412 citations

Constraints on Learning

1972 • 385 citations

Response specificity in the behavioral effects of limbic system lesions in the cat.

1961 • 362 citations

Brain mechanisms and learning

1962 • 355 citations

Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of atropine and related compounds.

1966 • 355 citations

Drug Facilitation of Learning and Memory

1973 • 329 citations

Behavioral variables affecting the development of amphetamine tolerance

1966 • 302 citations

Intraspecies aggression in rats: Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide

1974 • 263 citations

Conditioning of food aversions by injections of psychoactive drugs.

1972 • 238 citations

Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase: function and control.

1974 • 237 citations

Brain-Acetylcholine and Inhibition

1969 • 231 citations

Summation and retardation tests of latent inhibition.

1971 • 230 citations

Psychotomimetic drugs

1971 • 217 citations

Aversive conditioning by psychoactive drugs: Effects of morphine, alcohol and chlordiazepoxide

1973 • 210 citations

Effects of Drugs on Learning and Memory

1965 • 204 citations

Functions of Prefrontal Cortex in Animals

1965 • 203 citations

Behavioral Pharmacology

1961 • 202 citations

Behavioral Toxicology

1975 • 190 citations

Diazepam-induced eating and lever pressing for food in sated rats.

1974 • 158 citations

Serotonergic and cholinergic involvement in habituation of activity and spontaneous alternation of rats in a maze.

1972 • 155 citations

Facilitating effects of pre- and posttrial amphetamine administration on discrimination learning in mice

1969 • 152 citations

Influence of drugs on behavior controlled by internal and external stimuli.

1966 • 144 citations

Time-dependent variations in aversively motivated behaviors: Nonassociative effects of cholinergic and catecholaminergic activity.

1975 • 143 citations

Conditioned aversion to saccharin by single administrations of mescaline and d-amphetamine

1971 • 132 citations

Effects of scopolamine, amphetamine and benzodiazepines on conditioned suppression

1973 • 132 citations

The modification of drug effects on behavior by external discriminative stimuli.

1972 • 131 citations

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON OVERT “MEDIATING” BEHAVIOR AND THE DISCRIMINATION OF TIME¹

1969 • 131 citations

Brain Acetylcholine and Habituation

1968 • 123 citations

DRUGS AND PUNISHED RESPONDING I: RATE‐DEPENDENT EFFECTS UNDER MULTIPLE SCHEDULES¹

1973 • 123 citations

The Avoidance Learning Problem

1972 • 120 citations

OVERT “MEDIATING” BEHAVIOR DURING TEMPORALLY SPACED RESPONDING¹

1965 • 118 citations

Facilitative effects of amphetamine on avoidance conditioning in relation to age and problem difficulty

1966 • 117 citations

Behavioral Toxicity of Anticholinesterase Agents: Methodological, Neurochemical, and Neuropsychological Aspects

1975 • 112 citations

TIMING BEHAVIOR DURING PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH dl‐AMPHETAMINE¹

1961 • 110 citations

Recent Developments in the Pharmacology of the Benzodiazepines

1972 • 107 citations

Advances in neuropsychopharmacology

1972 • 106 citations

The conditioned emotional response (CER) as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs

1974 • 104 citations

The effect of minor tranquilizers on stress-induced increases in rat plasma corticosteroids

1974 • 102 citations

Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine and chlorpromazine on responding under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation or electric shock presentation.

1974 • 101 citations

By-Products of Discrimination Learning

1972 • 101 citations

The effect of amphetamine on forced drinking in the rat.

1958 • 100 citations

The effect of pre- and post-trial amphetamine injections on avoidance responses of rats

1971 • 95 citations

DRUG EFFECTS IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS TRAINED ON A MULTIPLE SCHEDULE WITH A PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY

1967 • 91 citations

Pharmacological and Biophysical Agents and Behavior

1971 • 88 citations

Effects of caffeine and benzedrine upon conditioning and extinction.

1937 • 87 citations

Pharmacology of Conditioning, Learning and Retention

1965 • 86 citations

The dose-response effect of amphetamine upon avoidance behaviour in the rat seen as a function of increasing stereotypy

1972 • 86 citations

Determinants of drug effects on punished responding

1975 • 84 citations

Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent avoidance performance: Role of response repertoire changes

1973 • 80 citations

Spatial and paw preferences in rats: their relationship to rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine.

1974 • 78 citations

Effects of scopolamine, d-amphetamine and other drugs affecting catecholamines on spontaneous alternation and locomotor activity in mice

1975 • 76 citations

Punishment of saccharin drinking by amphetamine in rats and its reversal by chlordiazepoxide.

1973 • 76 citations

Strain differences in avoidance conditioning as a function of the classical CS-US contingency.

1974 • 74 citations

Effects of atropine on discrimination learning in the rat.

1964 • 71 citations

Effects of scopolamine, amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on punishment

1973 • 70 citations

The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide on one-way and two-way avoidance learning in rats

1968 • 69 citations

The role of discriminative stimuli in modulating drug action

1975 • 66 citations

A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of variables mediating active-avoidance behavior in rats.

1973 • 66 citations

Behavioral Effects of Atropine and Scopolamine

1971 • 65 citations

Stimulus Selection and Behavioral Inhibition

1977 • 61 citations

Punished behavior: Increases in responding after d-amphetamine

1975 • 61 citations

The effect of drugs on discrimination and sensory generalisation of auditory stimuli in cats

1961 • 60 citations

Psychopharmacological Methods

1964 • 60 citations

Effects of ?9-THC, LSD-25 and scopolamine on continuous, spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze

1973 • 59 citations

Scopolamine effects on visual discrimination: modifications related to stimulus control.

1975 • 58 citations

Chlorpromazine, chlordiazepoxide, and incentive-shift performance in the rat.

1970 • 57 citations

Effect of Amphetamine, Nicotine and Hexamethonium on Performance of a Conditioned Response During Acquisition and Retention Trials

1970 • 57 citations

Behavioral Pharmacology

1975 • 56 citations

The effects of drugs on conditioning and habituation to arousal stimuli in animals

1960 • 56 citations

Enhancement of spatial preferences by (+)-amphetamine

1973 • 55 citations

SOME EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON VISUAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE PIGEON

1957 • 54 citations

A behavioral and pharmacological analysis of reinforcement withdrawal

1970 • 53 citations

Scopolamine and amphetamine effects on discrimination: Interaction with stimulus control

1975 • 53 citations

Effects of scopolamine on exploratory motivated behavior.

1968 • 47 citations

Catecholamines and drug—behavior interactions

1975 • 47 citations

Some hypotheses concerning the functional organization of prefrontal cortex.

1972 • 47 citations

Behavioral Pharmacology and Toxicology

1976 • 46 citations

Effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on the performance of rats on signalled and unsignalled avoidance schedules

1974 • 46 citations

Disinhibition effect of chlordiazepoxide

1969 • 46 citations

Cholinergic mechanisms and alterations in behavioral suppression as factors producing time-dependent changes in avoidance performance.

1973 • 45 citations

Effects of d-amphetamine on schedule-controlled key pressing and drinking in the chimpanzee.

1973 • 45 citations

Permanent facilitation of avoidance behavior by d-amphetamine and scopolamine

1972 • 44 citations

Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on habituation and sensitization of the startle response in the rat

1974 • 43 citations

Facilitation of instrumental avoidance learning by amphetamine: An analysis

1968 • 43 citations

Extinction of fear II: Effects of chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine on fear and exploratory behaviour in rats

1971 • 43 citations

An analysis of the facilitation of avoidance acquisition produced by d-amphetamine and scopolamine

1974 • 42 citations

Post-consummatory arousal of drive as a mechanism of incentive motivation.

1975 • 41 citations

Discrete trial analysis of drug action

1975 • 40 citations

Inhibitory and disinhibitory effects of nitrazepam, diazepam and flurazepam hydrochloride on delayed matching behaviour in monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

1974 • 40 citations

The effects of certain drugs and hormones upon conditioning.

1938 • 40 citations

Effects of psychoactive agents on acquisition of conditioned pole jumping in rats

1965 • 39 citations

Paradoxical Fear-Increasing Effects of Tranquilizers: Evidence of Repression of Memory in the Rat

1969 • 39 citations

DRUGS AND PUNISHED RESPONDING II: d‐AMPHETAMINE‐INDUCED INCREASES IN PUNISHED RESPONDING¹

1973 • 39 citations

Enhancement of successive discrimination reversal learning by methamphetamine

1972 • 39 citations

Depression of two-way avoidance learning and enhancement of passive avoidance learning by small doses of physostigmine

1970 • 39 citations

Nonassociative explanations of behavioral changes induced by central cholinergic drugs.

1976 • 39 citations

Central cholinergic blockade and two-way avoidance acquisition: The role of response disinhibition

1971 • 38 citations

Effects of methamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled and adjunctive licking in the rat

1973 • 38 citations

Effects of scopolamine, atropine, and d-Amphetamine on internal and external control of responding on non-reinforced trials

1970 • 37 citations

DRUG EFFECTS ON THE TEMPORAL PATTERNING OF BEHAVIOR.

1964 • 37 citations

Reinforcement schedules and extrapolations to humans from animals in behavioral pharmacology

1975 • 37 citations

Conditioned aversion in spatial paradigms following methamphetamine injection

1974 • 37 citations

Paradoxical effects of low doses of d-amphetamine in rats

1971 • 37 citations

Relationship of rats' spatial preferences effects of d-amphetamine on timing behavior

1975 • 37 citations

Effects of nicotine, nicotine monomethiodide, lobeline, chlordiazepoxide., meprobamate and caffeine on a discrimination task in laboratory rats

1971 • 36 citations

Facilitation and impairment of avoidance responding by phenobarbital sodium, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam--the role of performance base lines.

1971 • 36 citations

Differential effects of scopolamine and d-amphetamine on avoidance: Strain interactions

1975 • 35 citations

PHARMACOLOGY OF INSTRUMENTAL AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING

1965 • 35 citations

Drug effects on discriminative motor control

1969 • 34 citations

Behavioral changes and aggressivity evoked by drugs in mice.

1974 • 33 citations

On the mechanism of go-no go symmetrically reinforced task in dogs.

1972 • 33 citations

REVERSAL LEARNING ENHANCED BY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD): CONCOMITANT RISE IN BRAIN 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE LEVELS

1974 • 33 citations

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE AND CHLORDIAZEPDXIDE ON SPACED RESPONDING IN PIGEONS¹

1970 • 33 citations

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on depressed performance after reward reduction

1971 • 32 citations

Effects of physostigmine on the acquisition of a position discrimination in rats

1973 • 32 citations

Effects of chlordiazepoxide and ethanol on the extinction of a conditioned taste aversion

1972 • 31 citations

Separating the effects of response rate and reinforcement frequency in the rate-dependent effects of amphetamine and scopolamine on the schedule-controlled performance of rats and pigeons.

1975 • 30 citations

Response suppression in rats: A comparison of response-contingent and noncontingent punishment and the effect of the minor tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide

1975 • 30 citations

Effects of chlordiazepoxide upon successive red-green discrimination responses in Japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata

1973 • 30 citations

Conditioned aversion to a preferred solution following methamphetamine injections

1973 • 30 citations

Amphetamine-induced Disruption of Temporal Discrimination by Response Disinhibition

1973 • 30 citations

Effects of scopolamine on shuttle-box avoidance and go-no go discrimination: Response-stimulus relationships, pretreatment baselines, and repeated exposure to drug

1968 • 29 citations

The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide and methyl scopolamine hydrobromide upon the discrimination of interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli

1969 • 29 citations

EFFECTS OF d‐AMPHETAMINE, CHLORPROMAZINE, AND CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE ON INTERCURRENT BEHAVIOR DURING SPACED‐RESPONDING SCHEDULES¹

1975 • 28 citations

Scopolamine effects on go-no go avoidance discriminations: influence of stimulus factors and primacy of training

1970 • 28 citations

Scopolamine, amphetamine and light-reinforced responding

1966 • 28 citations

Some effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on visual discrimination in pigeons

1967 • 26 citations

Scopolamine effects on two-trial delayed-response performance in the rat

1974 • 26 citations

Relations between orienting, pseudoconditioned and conditioned responses in the shuttle-box—A pharmacological analysis by means of LSD and dibenamine

1975 • 26 citations

INHIBITORY CONTROL AND ERRORLESS DISCRIMINATION LEARNING¹

1975 • 25 citations

Possible peripheral adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms in pseudoconditioning

1974 • 25 citations

Electroencephalographic and behavioral analysis of drug effects on an instrumental reward discrimination in rabbits

1963 • 24 citations

Methamphetamine's effect on repeated acquisitions with serial discrimination reversals

1974 • 24 citations

EFFECT OF CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE UPON EXPERIMENTAL EXTINCTION IN THE STRAIGHT RUNWAY AS A FUNCTION OF PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE RAT

1967 • 24 citations

Using drugs to modify the effect of response prevention on avoidance extinction

1972 • 24 citations

Effects of physostigmine on the maintenance of discrimination behaviour in rats☆

1974 • 23 citations

Acquired aversion to amphetamine solutions

1973 • 23 citations

Stimulant action of d-amphetamine in relation to test compartment dimensions and behavioral measure

1971 • 22 citations

Effects of dexamphetamine, amylobarbitone sodium and their mixture on sensory contingent bar pressing behaviour in the rat

1973 • 22 citations

Effects of drug-state changes upon black-white discrimination learning in rats

1971 • 22 citations

The Effects of Chlordiazepoxide on the Development of Adjunctive Drinking in Rats

1975 • 21 citations

Pigeons' performance under differential reinforcement of low rate schedules depends upon the operant

1975 • 21 citations

Dose-dependent selective facilitation of response-contingent light-onset behavior by d-amphetamine

1974 • 21 citations

Absence of a response-rate-dependent effect of d-amphetamine on a DRL schedule when reinforcement is signaled

1972 • 21 citations

A pharmacological separation of buzzer-shock pairing and of the shuttle-shock contingency as factors in the elicitation of shuttle responses to a buzzer in rats

1976 • 21 citations

Effect on pseudoconditioning of drugs with known central nervous activity

1974 • 21 citations

Some effects of d-amphetamine on the behavior of pigeons under intermittent reinforcement

1967 • 21 citations

Effects of chronic administration of (+)‐amphetamine on maze performance of the rat

1969 • 21 citations

Facilitation of avoidance acquisition by LSD-25

1972 • 20 citations

Einflu� des Pervitins auf Ged�chtnisleistungen, Verhaltensweisen und einige physiologische Funktionen von Goldhamstern

1961 • 20 citations

The effect of LSD-25 on the interaction between conditioned and non-conditioned stimuli in a simple avoidance situation

1964 • 19 citations

Effects of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on discrimination responses and sleep cycles in cats

1972 • 19 citations

Cholinergic mechanisms in discrimination learning as a function of stimuli.

1967 • 19 citations

RESPONSE ADDITIVITY: EFFECTS OF SUPERIMPOSED FREE REINFORCEMENT ON A VARIABLE‐INTERVAL BASELINE¹

1975 • 19 citations

Effects of methamphetamine and shock duration during inescapable shock exposure on subsequent active and passive avoidance.

1971 • 18 citations

Neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior

1975 • 18 citations

Comparative pharmacology of drugs affecting behavior.

1967 • 18 citations

Differential effects of d-amphetamine on fixed ratio 30 performance maintained by food versus brain stimulation reinforcement

1974 • 18 citations

Alterations in the generalisation of visual stimuli induced by lysergic acid diethylamide in cats

1964 • 18 citations

Acquisition and performance effects of scopolamine and of treatment withdrawal in avoidance situations

1972 • 17 citations

One-way avoidance behavior and septal lesions in the rat.

1974 • 16 citations

EEG correlates of behavior in the cat. I. Pattern discrimination and its alteration by atropine and LSD-25

1968 • 16 citations

Dose-response effects of d-amphetamine on passive avoidance learning in the rat

1975 • 16 citations

Methamphetamine effects on responding under a multiple schedule of shock presentation

1973 • 16 citations

An analysis of d-amphetamine produced facilitation of avoidance acquisition in rats and performance changes subsequent to drug termination

1974 • 16 citations

Effects of hippocampal microinjections of d-amphetamine and scopolamine on active avoidance behavior in rats.

1975 • 16 citations

Environmental complexity does affect scopolamine induced changes in activity

1975 • 15 citations

Reversal of ECS-induced amnesia by post-ECS injections of amphetamine

1975 • 15 citations

The Effects of Scopolamine on a Two-Cue Discrimination

1974 • 15 citations

Size of the Environment as a Determiner of Effects of Scopolamine

1975 • 15 citations

Effects of scopolamine and methscopolamine on brightness discrimination reinforced by opportunity for exploration.

1969 • 14 citations

Prefrontal lesions and avoidance reflex differentiation in dogs.

1975 • 14 citations

An investigation of the relations between salivary and motor responses during instrumental performance.

1965 • 14 citations

Posttrial d-amphetamine sulfate and one-trial learning in mice.

1975 • 14 citations

Interacting effects of handling and d-amphetamine on avoidance learning

1974 • 13 citations

Effect of drugs on the cardiac conditioned response of dogs

1968 • 13 citations

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Stimulus Generalization: Rate-Dependent Effects

1972 • 13 citations

Twenty-four-hour proactive facilitation of avoidance and discrimination learning in rats by d-amphetamine.

1971 • 13 citations

Role of monkeys' spatial preferences in performance of a nonspatial task.

1970 • 12 citations

Drug enhanced sensory contingent bar pressing: Comparing the effect of contingent and noncontingent sensory change

1973 • 12 citations

Effets de l'Amide de l'Acide Lysergique-25 sur la Réaction de Sursaut chez le rat

1974 • 12 citations

The Effect of Amphetamine, Nicotine and Atropine on Pseudoconditioned Responses of Rats

1970 • 12 citations

Some Actions of Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs on Reactive Behaviour

1968 • 11 citations

Stimulus significance and chlorpromazine effects on the expression of avoidance learning in mice

1971 • 11 citations

Effects of LSD on auditory generalization

1970 • 11 citations

Comparison of ?9-THC, LSD-25 and scopolamine on non-spatial single alternation performance in the runway

1973 • 11 citations

Selective increase in avoidance responding by methamphetamine in naive rats

1972 • 11 citations

Interresponse time changes as a function of water deprivation and amphetamine.

1975 • 11 citations

Facilitation or impairment of learning by d-amphetamine as a function of stimuli

1971 • 10 citations

Resistance to extinction of an avoidance response in rats following the administration of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) or diazepam (Valium)

1974 • 10 citations

Effects of d-amphetamine on the behavior of pigeons maintained by a second-order schedule of reinforcement.

1975 • 10 citations

Stimulus nonequivalences in go/no-go avoidance discriminations: Sensory, drive, and response factors

1974 • 10 citations

Effects of chlordiazepoxide upon differential heart rate conditioning in rats

1974 • 9 citations

Effect of mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide on flicker discrimination in the rat.

1971 • 9 citations

An investigation on the nature of continuous avoidance deficits: Differential response to chlordiazepoxide treatment

1973 • 9 citations

Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on simple instrumental conditioning, extinction and discrimination learning in the rat

1973 • 9 citations

[The effect of pervitin on memory retention, behavior mechanisms and some physiological functions of the golden hamster].

1961 • 9 citations

Effects of prior experience on differential learning under amphetamine

1975 • 8 citations

Differential effects of d-amphetamine in classical discrimination conditioning of rabbits

1969 • 7 citations

Effects of drugs on an approach discrimination under two deprivation conditions.

1965 • 7 citations

The effects of chlorpromazine on the expression of an acquired passive avoidance response in mice

1970 • 6 citations

Stimulus control: Contrast, peak shift, and Konorskian models

1968 • 6 citations

Effects of physostigmine on the accuracy and activity of discrimination behaviour in rats

1974 • 5 citations

Breakdown of stimulus control by d-amphetamine

1974 • 5 citations

Methamphetamine’s effect on SDR: Replication and extension

1974 • 4 citations

The effect of "partial reinforcement" on classical and instrumental conditioned reflexes acquired under continuous reinforcement.

1969 • 4 citations

Behavioural action and tranquillizing effect of reserpine, diazepam and hydroxyzine.

1969 • 4 citations

The effect of different operants on spaced responding

1971 • 4 citations

[Changes in sensitivity to chlorpromazine of instrumental avoidance response in rats: simple conditioning and discrimination].

1967 • 4 citations

Effect of food-satiation and food-deprivation upon the conditioned reflexes established by the Ellison-Konorski separation procedure.

1971 • 4 citations

The relations between salivary, cardiac and motor responses during instrumental performance.

1968 • 3 citations

Amphetamine-barbiturate mixtures: learning and retention in rats.

1971 • 3 citations

Effects of Chlordiazepoxide on the Acquisition and Extinction of a Running Response

1968 • 2 citations

Conditioned reflexes reinforced by direct and indirect food presentation.

1968 • 2 citations

Effects of d-amphetamine on F-I shock presentation with S? probe

1975 • 2 citations

Proceedings: Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on auditory and visual discrimination in the rat.

1975 • 2 citations