α2-Adrenergic Agonists for Regional Anesthesia

Distribution of α2 agonist binding sites in the rat and human central nervous system: Analysis of some functional, anatomic correlates of the pharmacologic effects of clonidine and related adrenergic agents

1984 • 719 citations

Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia.

1991 • 710 citations

Studies in the Primate on the Analgetic Effects Associated with Intrathecal Actions of Opiates,α-Adrenergic Agonists and Baclofen

1981 • 533 citations

Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain

1995 • 507 citations

Spinal cord pharmacology of adrenergic agonist-mediated antinociception.

1980 • 428 citations

Hemodynamic and Analgesic Actions of Epidurally Administered Clonidine

1993 • 242 citations

Clonidine Enhances the Effects of Lidocaine on C-Fiber Action Potential

1992 • 238 citations

Prevention of phantom pain after major lower limb amputation by epidural infusion of diamorphine, clonidine and bupivacaine.

1994 • 225 citations

Epidural Clonidine Treatment for Refractory Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1993 • 213 citations

Comparison of the effects of adrenaline, clonidine and ketamine on the duration of caudal analgesia produced by bupivacaine in children

1995 • 213 citations

The alpha 2-adrenergic agonists clonidine and guanfacine produce tonic and phasic block of conduction in rat sciatic nerve fibers.

1993 • 211 citations

Epidural Clonidine Analgesia for Intractable Cancer Pain

1989 • 207 citations

A Comparison of Intrathecal, Epidural, and Intravenous Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia

1992 • 201 citations

Hemodynamic and Analgesic Profile after Intrathecal Clonidine in Humans

1994 • 201 citations

Use of Patient-Controlled Analgesia to Compare the Efficacy of Epidural to Intravenous Fentanyl Administration

1992 • 197 citations

Intrathecal Morphine Tolerance

1985 • 197 citations

Prolongation of Isobaric Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia with Epinephrine and Clonidine for Hip Surgery in the Elderly

1987 • 194 citations

Epidural Clonidine Analgesia following Surgery

1989 • 192 citations

Inhibition of sympathetic preganglionic neurons by catecholamines and clonidine: mediation by an alpha-adrenergic receptor

1981 • 182 citations

Addition of Clonidine Enhances Postoperative Analgesia from Epidural Morphine

1990 • 180 citations

Fentanyl Prolongs Lidocaine Spinal Anesthesia Without Prolonging Recovery

1995 • 178 citations

Comparison of a bupivacaine-clonidine mixture with plain bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children † †This paper was presented in part to the North East Thames Region Anaesthetists Society Meeting, April 24, 1993.

1994 • 176 citations

Clonidine in Pediatric Caudal Anesthesia

1994 • 167 citations

Clonidine-Induced Analgesia in Postoperative Patients

1990 • 162 citations

Imidazoline receptors, non-adrenergic idazoxan binding sites and α2-adrenoceptors in the human central nervous system

1994 • 154 citations

Antinociceptive Interaction Between Opioids and Medetomidine

1990 • 154 citations

Respiratory Effects of Clonidine Alone and Combined with Morphine, in Humans

1991 • 153 citations

Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain

1986 • 151 citations

Intrathecal Clonidine as a Sole Analgesic for Pain Relief after Cesarean Section

1992 • 151 citations

Comparison Between Clonidine and Epinephrine Admixture to Lidocaine in Brachial Plexus Block

1992 • 145 citations

Intravenous or Epidural Clonidine for Intra- and Postoperative Analgesia

1993 • 132 citations

Opiate- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-induced hyperpolarizations of locus ceruleus neurons in brain slices: reversal by cyclic adenosine 3':5'- monophosphate analogues

1985 • 132 citations

Effects of intrathecal clonidine on duration of bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia, haemodynamics, and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy

1994 • 126 citations

EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE AND BUPIVACAINE FOR POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA

1992 • 126 citations

A double-blind comparison between epidural morphine and epidural clonidine in patients with chronic non-cancer pain

1988 • 125 citations

Clonidine Reduces Sympathetic Activity but Maintains Baroreflex Responses in Normotensive Humans

1992 • 124 citations

Adding clonidine to mepivacaine prolongs the duration of anesthesia and analgesia after axillary brachial plexus block.

1992 • 122 citations

Interactions between noradrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms involved in spinal nociceptive processing

1989 • 119 citations

Epidural Clonidine Analgesia after Cesarean Section

1990 • 118 citations

A cholinergic interaction in alpha 2 adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in sheep.

1993 • 116 citations

Epidural Clonidine Produces Antinociception, But Not Hypotension, In Sheep

1987 • 113 citations

ROLE OF SPINAL NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM IN TRANSMISSION OF PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY

1986 • 112 citations

Hemodynamic and Analgesic Effects of Clonidine Added Repetitively to Continuous Epidural and Spinal Blocks

1995 • 108 citations

Evaluation of the toxicity of subarachnoid clonidine, guanfacine, and a substance P-antagonist on rat spinal cord and nerve roots: light and electron microscopic observations after chronic intrathecal administration.

1986 • 106 citations

Comparison of Intravenous and Epidural Clonidine for Postoperative Patient-Controlled Analgesia

1995 • 106 citations

POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA WITH EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE

1989 • 103 citations

Effects of oral and subarachnoid clonidine on spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine.

1990 • 97 citations

Spinally Administered Epinephrine Suppresses Noxiously Evoked Activity of WDR Neurons in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord

1984 • 97 citations

Clinical Evaluation of Clonidine Added to Lidocaine Solution for Epidural Anesthesia

1990 • 95 citations

COMPARISON OF THE ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF INTRATHECAL CLONIDINE AND INTRATHECAL MORPHINE AFTER SPINAL ANAESTHESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

1993 • 94 citations

Dose-Related Prolongation of Hyperbaric Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia by Clonidine in Humans

1989 • 91 citations

Epidural clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain after thoracotomy. A double-blind placebo-controlled study

1988 • 91 citations

Epidural Clonidine Enhances Postoperative Analgesia From a Combined Low-Dose Epidural Bupivacaine and Morphine Regimen

1992 • 86 citations

Intrathecal morphine and clonidine in the management of spinal cord injury pain: a case report

1994 • 83 citations

Interaction of intrathecal morphine and ST-91 on antinociception in the rat: dose-response analysis, antagonism and clearance.

1990 • 82 citations

Hyperpolarizing Afterpotentials in C Fibers and Local Anesthetic Effects of Clonidine and Lidocaine

1994 • 82 citations

Clonidine hydrochloride‐A safe and effective antihypertensive agent in pregnancy

1987 • 80 citations

Oral Clonidine Prolongs Lidocaine Spinal Anesthesia in Human Volunteers

1995 • 79 citations

Intravenous Versus Epidural Administration of Hydromorphone

1995 • 77 citations

COMPARISON OF 0.125% BUPIVACAINE WITH 0.125% BUPIVACAINE AND CLONIDINE AS EXTRADURAL ANALGESIA IN THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR

1993 • 76 citations

Postoperative Analgesia After Co-administration of Clonidine and Morphine by the Intrathecal Route in Patients Undergoing Hip Replacement

1995 • 75 citations

PREVENTION OF TOURNIQUET PAIN BY SPINAL ISOBARIC BUPIVACAINE WITH CLONIDINE

1989 • 74 citations

Effect of Epidural Clonidine on Analgesia and Pharmacokinetics of Epidural Fentanyl in Postoperative Patients

1991 • 74 citations

A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Comparison of Epidural and Intravenous Sufentanil Infusions

1994 • 74 citations

An Isobolographic Study of Epidural Clonidine and Fentanyl After Cesarean Section

1994 • 72 citations

Ventilatory Effects of Clonidine Alone and in the Presence of Alfentanil, in Human Volunteers

1992 • 68 citations

Oral Clonidine Preanesthetic Medication Augments the Pressor Responses to Intravenous Ephedrine in Awake or Anesthetized Patients

1991 • 67 citations

Epidural Clonidine after Cesarean Section Appropriate Dose and Effect of Prior Local Anesthetic

1992 • 66 citations

Neostigmine Counteracts Spinal Clonidine-induced Hypotension in Sheep

1993 • 64 citations

Intraarticular morphine for pain relief after knee arthroscopy performed under regional anaesthesia

1994 • 63 citations

Effect of Epidural Clonidine on Spinal Cord Blood Flow and Regional and Central Hemodynamics in Pigs

1986 • 63 citations

The effects of intravenous clonidine on ventilation

1991 • 61 citations

The role of imidazoline receptors in blood pressure regulation

1992 • 61 citations

Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide After Epidural Clonidine Injection

1991 • 60 citations

CLONIDINE: UNDERSTANDING ITS DISPOSITION, SITES AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

1987 • 59 citations

Subarachnoid Bupivacaine Analgesia for Seven Months for a Patient with a Spinal Cord Tumor

1990 • 58 citations

Comparison of epidural sufentanil plus clonidine with sufentanil alone for postoperative pain relief

1990 • 58 citations

EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE INFUSIONS FOR ANALGESIA AFTER TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

1992 • 57 citations

Pharmacology and Toxicology of Chronically Infused Epidural Clonidine · HCl in Dogs

1994 • 56 citations

Epidural Clonidine Analgesia in Obstetrics

1989 • 56 citations

Pharmacologic and Therapeutic Significance of ??-Adrenoceptor Subtypes

1985 • 52 citations

Epidural Clonidine Does Not Decrease Blood Pressure or Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Awake Sheep

1988 • 52 citations

Intravenous clonidine produces hypoxemia by a peripheral alpha-2 adrenergic mechanism.

1988 • 52 citations

Analgesic and Hemodynamic Effects of Epidural Clonidine, Clonidine/Morphine, and Morphine After Pancreatic Surgery--A Double-Blind Study

1995 • 48 citations

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE WITH THOSE OF MORPHINE ON POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, STRESS RESPONSES, CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION AND MOTOR AND SENSORY BLOCK

1989 • 47 citations

Stereospecific potentiation of opiate analgesia by cocaine: predominant role of noradrenaline

1987 • 47 citations

Evidence for the involvement of the μ but not δ opioid receptor subtype in the synergistic interaction between opioid and α2 adrenergic antinociception in the rat spinal cord

1992 • 45 citations

Ventilatory effects of epidural clonidine during the first 3 hours after caesarean section

1992 • 45 citations

Addition of clonidine to epidural morphine enhances postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery.

1995 • 45 citations

PARTIAL REVERSAL OF THE EFFECTS OF EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE BY ORAL YOHIMBINE IN POSTOPERATIVE PATIENTS

1993 • 44 citations

Oral Clonidine Blunts the Heart Rate Response to Intravenous Atropine in Humans

1991 • 43 citations

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE, CLONIDINE AND A COMBINATION OF MORPHINE AND CLONIDINE ADMINISTERED EPIDURALLY FOR POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA

1989 • 43 citations

CLONIDINE COMBINED WITH SUFENTANIL AND BUPIVACAINE WITH ADRENALINE FOR OBSTETRIC ANALGESIA

1993 • 41 citations

Patient‐controlled epidural analgesia with sufentanil following Caesarean section: the effect of adrenaline and clonidine admixture

1994 • 40 citations

Subarachnoid Clonidine Reduces Spinal Cord Blood Flow and Glucose Utilization in Conscious Rats

1990 • 38 citations

Epidural clonidine combined with bupivacaine for analgesia in labor. Effects on mother and neonate.

1995 • 37 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid kinetics of epidural clonidine in man

1992 • 36 citations

Primary Spinal Anesthetic Effects of Epinephrine.*

1950 • 35 citations

SINGLE-DOSE, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, DOUBLE-DUMMY CROSS-OVER COMPARISON OF EXTRADURAL AND I.V. CLONIDINE IN CHRONIC PAIN

1993 • 34 citations

Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for control of intractable cancer pain. A case report.

1988 • 34 citations

Computer-controlled Epidural Infusion to Targeted Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations in Humans

1995 • 33 citations

Systemic Opioids Enhance the Spread of Sensory Analgesia Produced by Intrathecal Lidocaine

1994 • 32 citations

Intrathecal Clonidine in Obstetrics

1990 • 32 citations

INTERACTION OF GABA AND VOLATILE ANESTHETICS IN THE NEHATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

1989 • 31 citations

Enhancement of pressor response to intravenous phenylephrine following oral clonidine medication in awake and anaesthetized patients

1995 • 31 citations

Central Effects of Epidural and Intravenous Clonidine in Patients Anesthetized with Enflurane/Nitrous Oxide An Electroencephalographic Analysis

1992 • 30 citations

Monoaminergic and Peptidergic Innervation of the Intermedio‐Lateral Horn of the Spinal Cord

1990 • 30 citations

Reversal of Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects Induced by High Dose of Bupivacaine by the Combination of Clonidine and Dobutamine in Anesthetized Dogs

1992 • 29 citations

EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE DOES NOT POTENTIATE ANALGESIA PRODUCED BY EXTRADURAL MORPHINE AFTER MENISCECTOMY

1991 • 26 citations

Effects of Intrathecal Morphine, Clonidine, and Midazolam on the Somato-sympathoadrenal Reflex Response in Halothane-anesthetized Cats

1990 • 26 citations

The effect of clonidine on intra‐operative requirements of fentanyl during combined epidural/general anaesthesia

1994 • 26 citations

Optimum dose of neostigmine at two levels of atracurium-induced neuromuscular block

1994 • 25 citations

Effects of epinephrine and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine

1992 • 25 citations

Comparison of the Effects of Adrenaline, Clonidine, and Ketamine on the Duration of Caudal Analgesia Produced by Bupivacaine in Children

1996 • 24 citations

Epidural Clonidine or Sufentanil for Intraoperative and Postoperative Analgesia

1995 • 24 citations

Clonidine Pretreatment Reduces the Systemic Toxicity of Intravenous Bupivacaine in Rats

1993 • 24 citations

Prolonged Intrathecal Fentanyl Analgesia via 32-Gauge Catheters After Thoracotomy

1993 • 23 citations

Comparisons of Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia with Clonidine or Phenylephrine in Normotensive and Hypertensive Humans

1994 • 22 citations

Co-administration of pethidine and clonidine: a spinal anaesthetic technique for total hip replacement

1994 • 22 citations

Epidural clonidine decreases postoperative requirements for epidural fentanyl.

1993 • 22 citations

Clinical study on epidural clonidine for postoperative analgesia.

1986 • 21 citations

Analgésie par site implantable pour injections intrathécales itératives de morphine

1985 • 20 citations

Pharmacokinetics of clonidine after epidural administration in surgical patients. Lack of correlation between plasma concentration and analgesia and blood pressure changes

1992 • 20 citations

The clinical pharmacology of clonidine: relationship between plasma concentration and pharmacological effect in animals and man.

1980 • 19 citations

Admixture of Clonidine to Epidural Bupivacaine for Analgesia during Labor

1994 • 19 citations

The sympathoexcitatory response following selective activation of a spinal cholinergic system in anesthetized rats

1991 • 19 citations

Epidural Clonidine in Lower Limb Differentiation Pain

1989 • 18 citations

Intravenous clonidine hydrochloride toxicity in pregnant ewes

1989 • 17 citations

Epidemiology of the adverse hemodynamic events occurring during “clonidine anesthesia”: A prospective open trial of intraoperative intravenous clonidine

1995 • 16 citations

Intravenous clonidine treatment in acute myocardial infarction (with comparison to a nitroglycerin-treated and control group).

1986 • 16 citations

Safety Aspects of Long-Term Antihypertensive Therapy (10 Years) with Clonidine

1986 • 13 citations

Effect of epidural clonidine on somatosensory evoked potentials to dermatomal stimulation.

1989 • 10 citations

EPIDURAL CLONIDINE IN LABOR ANALGESIA

1992 • 9 citations

Effects of clonidine added to Mepivacaine for brachial plexus blockade

1992 • 8 citations

Changes in cardiac function after effective treatment of hypertensive emergencies with i.v. clonidine

1984 • 6 citations

Pain after spinal intrathecal clonidine. An adverse interaction with tricyclic antidepressants?

1988 • 5 citations

ADDING FENTANYL AND CLONIDINE TO HEPIVACAINE RESULTS IN A RAPID IN ONSET AND PROLONGED ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA AFTER BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCKADE

1991 • 4 citations

Effects of Local Clonidine for Prolongation of Akinesia after Peribulbar Block

1994 • 4 citations

Intravenous Versus Epidural Administration of Hydromorphone

1996 • 4 citations

Analgesic Effect of Epidural Butorphanol and Clonidine in Combined Use

1994 • 3 citations

Intrathecal Sufentanil and Clonidine for Obstetric Analgesia

1994 • 3 citations

Intrathecal Clonidine Delays Motor Onset of Bupivacaine

1994 • 3 citations

The Dose Response of Epidural Hydromorphone in Children

1994 • 3 citations

Spinal anaesthesia with clonidine plus bupivacaine in the elderly

1994 • 2 citations

Caudal Block with Clonidine Provides Prolonged Analgesia after Ambulatory Hernia Repair in Children

1994 • 2 citations

Incidence of Urinary Retention after Spinal Anesthesia

1994 • 2 citations

Caudal Clonidine Added to Local Anesthetics Enhances Postoperative Analgesia after Anal Surgery in Adults

1994 • 2 citations

Epidural Clonidine for Post-therapeutic Neuralgia

1994 • 2 citations

CLONIDINE ADDED TO HEPIVACAINE FOR BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCKADE

1991 • 1 citations

Lumbar Epidural Morphine Infusions for Postoperative Analgesia in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

1994 • 1 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations