State of the art: Pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation

A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve

1952 • 21,965 citations

The Synaptic Organization of the Brain

2004 • 3,543 citations

Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex.

1993 • 3,033 citations

Effects of antiepileptic drugs on motor cortex excitability in humans: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study

1996 • 1,098 citations

Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex.

1996 • 1,083 citations

Electric and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses.

1989 • 921 citations

Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans

1999 • 855 citations

The effect of lorazepam on the motor cortical excitability in man

1996 • 766 citations

Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway

1997 • 757 citations

Silent period evoked by transcranial stimulation of the human cortex and cervicomedullary junction.

1993 • 752 citations

Responses in small hand muscles from magnetic stimulation of the human brain.

1987 • 726 citations

Short latency inhibition of human hand motor cortex by somatosensory input from the hand

2000 • 718 citations

Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli

1992 • 669 citations

Intracortical facilitation and inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation in conscious humans.

1997 • 608 citations

Spinal motor neuron excitability during the silent period after cortical stimulation

1991 • 595 citations

The physiological basis of transcranial motor cortex stimulation in conscious humans

2003 • 550 citations

Two inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, and GABAA and GABAB receptor‐mediated responses in neocortex of rat and cat.

1988 • 526 citations

The role of GABAB receptors in intracortical inhibition in the human motor cortex

2006 • 525 citations

Short‐interval paired‐pulse inhibition and facilitation of human motor cortex: the dimension of stimulus intensity

2002 • 521 citations

Interactions between two different inhibitory systems in the human motor cortex

2001 • 514 citations

Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans

1998 • 456 citations

Magnetic brain stimulation

1992 • 453 citations

Demonstration of facilitatory I wave interaction in the human motor cortex by paired transcranial magnetic stimulation

1998 • 432 citations

Direct demonstration of the effect of lorazepam on the excitability of the human motor cortex

2000 • 406 citations

Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions induced a marked increase of the transcranially evoked silent period in a patient with generalized dystonia

1998 • 403 citations

Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex

1998 • 400 citations

Preferential activation of different I waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation with a figure-of-eight-shaped coil

1997 • 380 citations

Mechanism of the silent period following transcranial magnetic stimulation

1999 • 377 citations

Two phases of intracortical inhibition revealed by transcranial magnetic threshold tracking

2002 • 372 citations

Paired‐pulse magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex: differences among I waves

1998 • 369 citations

Menstrual cycle effects on cortical excitability

1999 • 365 citations

Muscarinic receptor blockade has differential effects on the excitability of intracortical circuits in the human motor cortex

2000 • 355 citations

Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation

2009 • 347 citations

The anti‐epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA‐ and glycine‐gated currents

2002 • 329 citations

Motor cortical inhibition and the dopaminergic system

1994 • 327 citations

Motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation correlation study

2001 • 306 citations

Evidence for Impaired Cortical Inhibition in Schizophrenia Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

2002 • 292 citations

Short latency facilitation between pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex

1996 • 273 citations

Noninvasive in vivo assessment of cholinergic cortical circuits in AD using transcranial magnetic stimulation

2002 • 262 citations

Mechanisms influencing stimulus-response properties of the human corticospinal system

2001 • 248 citations

Changes in human motor cortex excitability induced by dopaminergic and anti-dopaminergic drugs

1997 • 243 citations

Ketamine Increases Human Motor Cortex Excitability to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

2003 • 239 citations

I-Waves in Motor Cortex

2000 • 233 citations

Two phases of short-interval intracortical inhibition

2003 • 232 citations

GABAB receptor: a site of therapeutic benefit

2005 • 230 citations

Effects of lorazepam on short latency afferent inhibition and short latency intracortical inhibition in humans

2005 • 223 citations

Segregating two inhibitory circuits in human motor cortex at the level of GABAA receptor subtypes: A TMS study

2007 • 217 citations

Effects of diazepam, baclofen and thiopental on the silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans

1996 • 217 citations

The motor syndrome associated with exaggerated inhibition within the primary motor cortex of patients with hemiparetic

1997 • 213 citations

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and Parkinson's disease

2002 • 212 citations

Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms contribute to the silent period in the contracting soleus muscle after transcranial magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex

1993 • 210 citations

Inhibition of human motor cortex by ethanol A transcranial magnetic stimulation study

1995 • 209 citations

Mechanisms of intracortical I‐wave facilitation elicited with paired‐pulse magnetic stimulation in humans

2002 • 203 citations

Effects of phenytoin on cortical excitability in humans

1997 • 203 citations

Origin of Facilitation of Motor-Evoked Potentials After Paired Magnetic Stimulation: Direct Recording of Epidural Activity in Conscious Humans

2006 • 195 citations

Pharmacological control of facilitatory I-wave interaction in the human motor cortex. A paired transcranial magnetic stimulation study

1998 • 194 citations

Dissociated effects of diazepam and lorazepam on short‐latency afferent inhibition

2005 • 181 citations

Clonazepam suppresses GABAB-mediated inhibition in thalamic relay neurons through effects in nucleus reticularis

1994 • 181 citations

Neurophysiological predictors of long term response to AChE inhibitors in AD patients

2005 • 178 citations

Assessment of cortical excitability using threshold tracking techniques

2005 • 173 citations

Influence of the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist memantine on human motor cortex excitability

1999 • 166 citations

Magnetic stimulation of the brain in generalized epilepsy: Reversal of cortical hyperexcitability by anticonvulsants

1993 • 164 citations

Intracortical origin of the short latency facilitation produced by pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex

1999 • 161 citations

Enhancement of human motor cortex inhibition by the dopamine receptor agonist pergolide: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation

1996 • 155 citations

Human cerebral cortical responses to contralateral transcranial stimulation

1987 • 131 citations

Chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine modulates human motor cortex excitability in healthy subjects

2005 • 121 citations

Dopamine Increases Inhibition in the Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex through Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Interneurons

2006 • 121 citations

Further evidence to support different mechanisms underlying intracortical inhibition of the motor cortex

2003 • 119 citations

Silent period to transcranial magnetic stimulation: construction and properties of stimulus–response curves in healthy volunteers

2005 • 117 citations

Cerebral Blood-Flow Changes Induced by Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex

2001 • 114 citations

GABAB receptor-mediated effects in human and rat neocortical neurones in vitro

1999 • 113 citations

Attention influences the excitability of cortical motor areas in healthy humans

2007 • 111 citations

Corticospinal conduction studied with magnetic double stimulation in the intact human

1992 • 105 citations

Riluzole suppresses motor cortex facilitation in correlation to its plasma level

2000 • 104 citations

Direct demonstration of long latency cortico-cortical inhibition in normal subjects and in a patient with vascular parkinsonism

2002 • 100 citations

Effects of memantine on recombinant rat NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells

1996 • 100 citations

Complex modulation of human motor cortex excitability by the specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor sertraline

2002 • 96 citations

Effects of diphenylhydantoin on motor potentials evoked with magnetic stimulation

1994 • 96 citations

Comparison of the Inhibitory and Excitatory Effects of ADHD Medications Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Motor Cortex

2005 • 94 citations

Topiramate Selectively Decreases Intracortical Excitability in Human Motor Cortex

2002 • 90 citations

Influence of Some Anesthetic Agents on Muscle Responses to Transcranial Magnetic Cortex Stimulation

1992 • 89 citations

Interleaved Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/Functional MRI Confirms that Lamotrigine Inhibits Cortical Excitability in Healthy Young Men

2004 • 88 citations

Facilitatory I Wave Interaction in Proximal Arm and Lower Limb Muscle Representations of the Human Motor Cortex

2000 • 84 citations

Lorazepam-induced effects on silent period and corticomotor excitability

2006 • 80 citations

Enhancement of human cortico-motoneuronal excitability by the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine

2002 • 78 citations

Changes of transcranially evoked motor responses in man by midazolam, a short acting benzodiazepine

1989 • 74 citations

Trial-to-trial size variability of motor-evoked potentials. A study using the triple stimulation technique

2008 • 73 citations

Dependence of the transcranially induced silent period on the `instruction set' and the individual reaction time

1998 • 71 citations

Excitability of the motor cortex during ovulatory and anovulatory cycles: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2007 • 71 citations

Methylphenidate facilitates and disinhibits the motor cortex in intact humans

2003 • 70 citations

Effect of levetiracetam on human corticospinal excitability

2001 • 69 citations

Cortical Excitability in Patients After Loading Doses of Lamotrigine: A Study with Magnetic Brain Stimulation

1999 • 67 citations

The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 55845A reduces presynaptic GABAB actions in neocortical neurons of the rat in vitro

1999 • 63 citations

Noradrenergic modulation of human cortex excitability by the presynaptic α2-antagonist yohimbine

2001 • 63 citations

Intracortical excitability is modulated by a norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor as measured with paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation

2002 • 60 citations

Effect of Vigabatrin on motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation

2004 • 59 citations

Relationship between lamotrigine oral dose, serum level and its inhibitory effect on CNS: insights from transcranial magnetic stimulation

2003 • 59 citations

Effects of citalopram on the excitability of the human motor cortex: a paired magnetic stimulation study

2004 • 57 citations

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials recorded from regular-spiking cells in layers II/III of rat sensorimotor cortex

1992 • 55 citations

Improved motor skill acquisition after selective stimulation of central norepinephrine

2004 • 54 citations

Levetiracetam influences human motor cortex excitability mainly by modulation of ion channel function—a TMS study

2004 • 53 citations

The effect of an energy drink containing glucose and caffeine on human corticospinal excitability

2004 • 52 citations

D₁-Like Dopamine Receptor Activation Modulates GABAergic Inhibition But Not Electrical Coupling between Neocortical Fast-Spiking Interneurons

2008 • 51 citations

Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects neuromodulatory effects of a selective serotonin transporter reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

2003 • 49 citations

Effect of antipsychotics on cortical inhibition using transcranial magnetic stimulation

2003 • 49 citations

Cortical excitability during prolonged antiepileptic drug treatment and drug withdrawal

2005 • 48 citations

Cabergoline reverses cortical hyperexcitability in patients with restless legs syndrome

2006 • 48 citations

Selective and nonselective benzodiazepine agonists have different effects on motor cortex excitability

2006 • 47 citations

Modification of cortical excitability induced by gabapentin: a study by transcranial magnetic stimulation

2001 • 44 citations

Excitability of the human epileptic cortex after chronic valproate: A reappraisal

2006 • 43 citations

Caffeine has no effect on measures of cortical excitability

2004 • 42 citations

Pregabalin Exerts Oppositional Effects on Different Inhibitory Circuits in Human Motor Cortex: A Double‐blind, Placebo‐controlled Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

2006 • 41 citations

TMS-assisted neurophysiological profiling of the dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline in human motor cortex

2006 • 34 citations

Modulation of human motor cortex excitability by quetiapine

2007 • 31 citations

Modification of motor cortical excitability by an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

2005 • 31 citations

Mirtazapine increases cortical excitability in healthy controls and epilepsy patients with major depression

2005 • 31 citations

The α2-adrenergic agonist guanfacine reduces excitability of human motor cortex through disfacilitation and increase of inhibition

2003 • 29 citations

Piracetam affects facilitatory I-wave interaction in the human motor cortex

2001 • 25 citations

Acamprosate Reduces Motor Cortex Excitability Determined by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

2000 • 19 citations

The Effect of Neuroleptanalgesia (Droperiodol-Fentanyl) on Motor Potentials Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Monkey

1991 • 19 citations

Task-Dependent Effects on Motor-Evoked Potentials and on the Following Silent Period

1999 • 17 citations

Changes in motor cortical excitability in humans following orally administered theophylline

2003 • 15 citations

Pharmacology of TMS measures

2012 • 13 citations

Prolonged neurophysiologic effects of levetiracetam after oral administration in humans

2008 • 13 citations

Flumazenil does not affect intracortical motor excitability in humans: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2003 • 13 citations

Motor excitability and motor behaviour after modafinil ingestion ? a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial

2004 • 10 citations