The nature of the black–white difference on various psychometric tests: Spearman's hypothesis

The organization of behavior

1988 • 8,668 citations

Handbook of reading research

1991 • 7,293 citations

The organization of behavior.

1950 • 6,879 citations

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.

1976 • 6,498 citations

The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit‐formation

1908 • 6,230 citations

"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured

1904 • 5,881 citations

Modern factor analysis

1960 • 5,314 citations

Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities

1984 • 5,139 citations

Précis ofThe neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system

1982 • 4,511 citations

Perception in chess

1973 • 4,216 citations

High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory

1966 • 3,576 citations

Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education.

1951 • 3,563 citations

Handbook of the Psychology of Aging

2016 • 3,477 citations

Modern Factor Analysis

1968 • 3,359 citations

The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method

1969 • 3,114 citations

Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection

1983 • 2,913 citations

Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition

2013 • 2,909 citations

How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement

1969 • 2,867 citations

Strong Inference

1964 • 2,715 citations

The two disciplines of scientific psychology.

1957 • 2,486 citations

Chronometric explorations of mind

1978 • 2,422 citations

Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment.

1963 • 2,379 citations

Primary Mental Abilities

1973 • 2,095 citations

The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences

1978 • 2,047 citations

Handbook of the Psychology of Aging

1978 • 1,980 citations

Cognitive development : its cultural and social foundations

1976 • 1,953 citations

Psychology

1962 • 1,950 citations

Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action

1974 • 1,947 citations

Bias in Mental Testing

1980 • 1,915 citations

The European Red Mite

1928 • 1,861 citations

The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence

1958 • 1,852 citations

Psychology of Learning and Motivation

1975 • 1,791 citations

Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence

2014 • 1,771 citations

On the speed of mental processes

1969 • 1,719 citations

The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (4th ed.).

1958 • 1,625 citations

Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice

1985 • 1,615 citations

Advances in the psychology of human intelligence

1983 • 1,583 citations

Worldwide Variation in Human Growth

1991 • 1,496 citations

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis.

1976 • 1,394 citations

Handbook of Human Intelligence

1984 • 1,282 citations

Advances in Personality Assessment

2013 • 1,279 citations

Intelligence and Experience

1962 • 1,220 citations

Abilities: Their Structure, Growth, and Action

1975 • 1,210 citations

Modern Factor Analysis.

1961 • 1,154 citations

A Metric for Thought: A Comparison of P300 Latency and Reaction Time

1981 • 1,146 citations

The development of hierarchical factor solutions

1957 • 1,077 citations

The Foundations of Factor Analysis.

1975 • 1,020 citations

Wechsler's measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence

1973 • 1,009 citations

Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education.

1966 • 1,006 citations

Intelligence, Information Processing, and Analogical Reasoning: The Componential Analysis of Human Abilities

1978 • 990 citations

Advances in personality assessment

1983 • 971 citations

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

1919 • 970 citations

Human Information Processing: Tutorials in Performance and Cognition

1975 • 958 citations

Towards a model of stress and human performance

1983 • 856 citations

Familial Studies of Intelligence: A Review

1981 • 840 citations

The nature of intelligence

1976 • 818 citations

The Method of Repeated Readings.

1997 • 789 citations

Primary Mental Abilities.

1938 • 780 citations

PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES

1939 • 732 citations

People's conceptions of intelligence.

1981 • 703 citations

The Nature of "Intelligence" and the Principles of Cognition.

1924 • 699 citations

A GENERAL METHOD FOR STUDYING DIFFERENCES IN FACTOR MEANS AND FACTOR STRUCTURE BETWEEN GROUPS

1974 • 665 citations

A chronometric analysis of simple addition.

1972 • 661 citations

A unifying model for the structure of intellectual abilities

1984 • 653 citations

The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 2: Inference and Relationship

1979 • 646 citations

Modern Factor Analysis

1968 • 634 citations

Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: An Introduction

1979 • 631 citations

Worldwide Variation in Human Growth

1977 • 631 citations

Metacognition, cognition, and human performance

1985 • 613 citations

The women and their pregnancies

1973 • 592 citations

Theory and practice of early reading

1979 • 585 citations

Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. II. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia

1984 • 581 citations

Attention and human performance

1973 • 579 citations

The biology of twinning in man

1970 • 571 citations

Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences.

1981 • 564 citations

Human Information Processing

2021 • 561 citations

Cognitive Psychology: New Directions

1981 • 555 citations

Mechanics of verbal ability.

1978 • 535 citations

Brain and Intelligence in Vertebrates

1984 • 531 citations

Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence.

1968 • 510 citations

Intelligence and Learning

1981 • 486 citations

Rationality and Intelligence

1985 • 479 citations

Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence

1984 • 478 citations

Human stress and cognition : an information processing approach

1979 • 477 citations

Culture and Cognition: Readings in Cross-Cultural Psychology

1975 • 464 citations

Intelligence and Experience.

1962 • 457 citations

Intelligence as an information‐processing concept

1980 • 454 citations

What does it mean to be high verbal?

1975 • 453 citations

A Model for Intelligence

1982 • 453 citations

The Louisville Twin Study: Developmental Synchronies in Behavior

1983 • 435 citations

Speed of information processing and general intelligence

1983 • 427 citations

Educability and Group Differences

2012 • 424 citations

Cognitive Development

1986 • 416 citations

Comprehending verbal comprehension.

1983 • 386 citations

Pupillary Responses During Information Processing Vary with Scholastic Aptitude Test Scores

1979 • 371 citations

Young Psychophysiologist Award Address, 1980

1981 • 368 citations

The structure and measurement of intelligence

1981 • 365 citations

Assessment of heritability for personality, based on a short-form of the Eysenck personality inventory: A study of 12,898 twin pairs

1980 • 354 citations

The Method of Repeated Readings

1983 • 353 citations

Reaction time, movement time, and intelligence

1979 • 345 citations

Intelligence, heredity and environment

1979 • 335 citations

Laws of visual choice reaction time.

1974 • 331 citations

Mental Abilities of Children from Different Social-Class and Cultural Groups

1965 • 327 citations

Processing determinants of reading speed.

1979 • 325 citations

Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading.

1981 • 323 citations

Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded

1984 • 322 citations

Cumulative development of attentional theory.

1982 • 320 citations

The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence

1979 • 317 citations

Race Differences in Intelligence

1976 • 314 citations

The growth of reflection in children

1985 • 314 citations

Psychological Statistics

1949 • 310 citations

How and How Much Can Intelligence Be Increased

1982 • 309 citations

The Dynamic Assessment of Retarded Performers

1981 • 307 citations

The testing of negro intelligence

1958 • 295 citations

Self-Stimulation Alters Human Sensory Brain Responses

1973 • 290 citations

Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits?

1976 • 286 citations

The Relation of Infants'Home Environments to Achievement Test Performance in First Grade: A Follow-up Study

1984 • 285 citations

Intelligence and Learning

1981 • 280 citations

An instructional study: Improving the inferential comprehension of good and poor fourth-grade readers.

1983 • 279 citations

Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence

1974 • 278 citations

Relations between brain chemistry and problem-solving among rats raised in enriched and impoverished environments.

1962 • 272 citations

Intelligence: Genetic and environmental influences.

1972 • 269 citations

Familial Risk and Child Competence

1983 • 268 citations

Familial Risk and Child Competence

1983 • 265 citations

IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity

1982 • 263 citations

Detecting target elements in multielement arrays: A confusability model

1974 • 260 citations

Teaching decoding with an emphasis on phoneme analysis and phoneme blending.

1980 • 258 citations

Annals of Theoretical Psychology

1986 • 257 citations

Intelligence. Heredity and environment

1980 • 254 citations

Educability and Group Differences

1973 • 253 citations

Race, Social Class, and Individual Differences in I.Q.

1982 • 250 citations

Mental tests and cultural adaptation

1972 • 249 citations

P300 Latency Correlates with Digit Span

1983 • 248 citations

Culture, Behavior and Personality.

1974 • 248 citations

Culture, Behavior and Personality

2018 • 238 citations

School, occupation, culture, and family: The impact of parental schooling on the parent–child relationship.

1982 • 232 citations

Brain electrical potentials and individual psychological differences

1975 • 224 citations

Menatal addition: A test of three verification models

1981 • 219 citations

How specific are perceptual skills? A cross‐cultural study of pattern reproduction*

1979 • 218 citations

Human multiple reproduction

1975 • 218 citations

Human Assessment and Cultural Factors

1983 • 209 citations

Race, social class and ability patterns on the WISC-R

1982 • 196 citations

THE CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF INTELLIGENCE: PIAGET AND THE BAOULÉ*

1984 • 196 citations

A Culture-Free Intelligence Test I

1973 • 193 citations

Short-term memory does not involve the "working memory" of information processing: The demise of a common assumption.

1983 • 192 citations

The testing of Negro intelligence

1967 • 189 citations

Skilled performance: Effects of adult age and experience on elementary processes.

1982 • 188 citations

Vertebrate intelligence: the null hypothesis

1985 • 187 citations

The Abilities and Achievements of Orientals in North America

1982 • 177 citations

Chronometric analysis of intelligence

1980 • 176 citations

Intelligence : genetic and environmental influences

1971 • 175 citations

Methodological and Statistical Advances in the Study of Individual Differences

1986 • 174 citations

The biological basis of individual differences in intelligence

1980 • 173 citations

Activity Level and Hyperactivity in Twins

1973 • 172 citations

A culture-free intelligence test. I.

1940 • 172 citations

A longitudinal study of sentence context effects in second-grade children: Tests of an interactive-compensatory model

1981 • 170 citations

Basic processes in memory development : progress in cognitive development research

1985 • 170 citations

Hans Eysenck: Consensus And Controversy

2012 • 169 citations

Race Differences in Intelligence.

1976 • 168 citations

Hierarchical factor solutions without rotation

1959 • 166 citations

Memory Processes among Bridge Players of Differing Expertise

1978 • 158 citations

Secular Changes in Size and Maturity: Causes and Effects

1979 • 158 citations

Individual and group differences in intelligence and speed of information processing

1984 • 153 citations

Developmental Behavioral Genetics

1983 • 152 citations

The Use Of Analysis Of Covariance Structures For Comparing The Psychometric Properties Of Multiple Variables Across Populations

1978 • 151 citations

How much could we boost scholastic achievement and IQ scores? A direct answer from a French adoption study

1982 • 149 citations

How Biased Are Culture-Loaded Tests?.

1973 • 143 citations

Human Variation: The Biopsychology of Age, Race, and Sex

1979 • 143 citations

Cross-Cultural Generalization and Universality

1982 • 143 citations

Information Processing Models-In Search of Elementary Operations

1982 • 142 citations

Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing

2012 • 140 citations

THE THEORY OF FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED GENERAL INTELLIGENCE CHECKED AT THE 5–6 YEAR‐OLD LEVEL

1967 • 134 citations

Intelligence can be taught

1975 • 134 citations

Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing

1984 • 134 citations

Components of Skilled Performance

1966 • 131 citations

Models of reading and reading disability.

1973 • 130 citations

Forward and backward digit span interaction with race and IQ: Predictions from Jensen's theory.

1975 • 127 citations

Multidimensional data representations : when & why

1981 • 127 citations

Cumulative deficit in IQ of Blacks in the rural South.

1977 • 124 citations

White–Black achievement differences: The narrowing gap.

1984 • 124 citations

Human Sociobiology: A Holistic Approach

1980 • 123 citations

Human Sociobiology: A Holistic Approach

1979 • 123 citations

Does “g” exist?

1982 • 122 citations

The Acquisition of Word Meanings: A Developmental Study

1950 • 122 citations

Human sociobiology: Pair-bonding and resource predictability (effects of social class and race)

1977 • 120 citations

Building theories of reading ability: On the relation between individual differences in cognitive skills and reading comprehension

1981 • 120 citations

Reaction time, movement time, and intelligence: A replication and extension

1982 • 117 citations

What food-storing birds remember.

1984 • 117 citations

THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM

1977 • 116 citations

Urbanism, Race, and Crime

1983 • 115 citations

Evoked cortical potentials and measurement of human abilities.

1972 • 114 citations

Reaction time, evoked brain potentials, and psychometric g in the severely retarded

1981 • 111 citations

In The Juvenile Justice System

1971 • 110 citations

Reaction time and intelligence in the mentally retarted

1981 • 110 citations

Test validity: versus the specificity doctrine

1984 • 108 citations

Electrical potentials of the cerebral cortex and psychometric intelligence

1983 • 107 citations

Cognitive Abilities, Conditions of Learning, and the Early Development of Reading Skill

1985 • 104 citations

Race, IQ and Jensen

1980 • 104 citations

Some problems in the study of differences in cognitive processes

1980 • 104 citations

Human information-processing: some effects of methylphenidate, age, and scopolamine.

1984 • 100 citations

Effects of inbreeding on mental-ability factors

1983 • 97 citations

Level I and Level II Abilities in Three Ethnic Groups

1973 • 96 citations

Genetical, Environmental and Personality Factors Influencing the Age of First Sexual Intercourse in Twins

1977 • 96 citations

The Black-White Difference On the K-ABC: Implications for Future Tests

1984 • 95 citations

Interaction of Level I and Level II abilities with race and socioeconomic status.

1974 • 93 citations

Handbook of Intelligence

2002 • 91 citations

Measures of timed performance and intelligence

1983 • 91 citations

Effects of oral scopolamine on human stimulus evaluation

1985 • 91 citations

Orthography and familiarity effects in word processing.

1979 • 90 citations

Neural Adaptability: A Biological Determinant of Behavioral Intelligence

1982 • 89 citations

Cross-cultural comparison of maximum performance tests : some methodological aspects and some experiments with simple auditory and visual stimuli

1971 • 86 citations

Reaction time, intelligence, and attention

1983 • 85 citations

Accuracy of judgments of WISC-R item difficulty for minority groups.

1980 • 84 citations

An examination of culture bias in the wonderlic personnel test

1977 • 81 citations

Correlation between reaction time and intelligence in psychometrically similar groups in America and India

1983 • 80 citations

The acquisition of word meanings: A developmental study.

1952 • 80 citations

Early Toy Preferences of Four-Year-Old Readers and Nonreaders

1984 • 76 citations

THE REDUCTION OF SOCIOECONOMIC BIAS IN INTELLIGENCE TESTING

1963 • 75 citations

Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy

2012 • 74 citations

Standardization of the WISC-R performance scale for deaf children

1977 • 73 citations

The effects of dynamic assessment procedures on Raven Matrices performance, visual search behavior, test anxiety and test orientation

1982 • 73 citations

Heredity, Environment, and Educational Policy

1969 • 72 citations

Biology of Human Intelligence

1974 • 71 citations

Race, IQ, and the middle class.

1977 • 71 citations

Race, class, family, and school achievement.

1968 • 70 citations

Cortical activity preceding speech

1967 • 67 citations

Group differences and first principal-component loadings in the Hawaii family study of cognition: a test of the generality of ‘Spearman's hypothesis’

1984 • 67 citations

On white and Negro test performance and socio-economic factors.

1953 • 66 citations

Information processing abilities in twins reared apart

1984 • 65 citations

Annals of Theoretical Psychology

1984 • 64 citations

On intelligence II: A neo‐Spearman model to replace Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence

1981 • 63 citations

A multivariate comparison of the intellectual performance of black and white children matched on four demographic variables

1981 • 63 citations

The Age Factor in Mental Organization.

1961 • 62 citations

The factorial similarity of the WISC-R performance Scale in deaf and hearing samples

1984 • 60 citations

On Intelligence IV: Toward a restoration of general intelligence

1981 • 58 citations

DO SCHOOLS CHEAT MINORITY CHILDREN?

1971 • 56 citations

WISC-R subscale patterns of abilities of Blacks and Whites matched on Full Scale IQ.

1983 • 56 citations

Level I and level II abilities in Asian, white, and black children

1980 • 56 citations

Developmental status and school achievements of minority and non‐minority children from birth to 18 years in a British Midlands town

1983 • 56 citations

Mental development: Family environment and genetic influences

1983 • 55 citations

Applications of a dynamic testing approach in intelligence assessment: Empirical results and theoretical formulations.

1980 • 55 citations

WISC-R subscale patterns of abilities of Blacks and Whites matched on Full Scale IQ.

1983 • 54 citations

Flexibility in the Use of Graphic and Contextual Information by Good and Poor Readers

1981 • 54 citations

The effect of orthographic structure on the word search performance of good and poor readers

1979 • 54 citations

The WISC-R factoral validity for minority groups and Spearman's hypothesis

1982 • 54 citations

Race differences on nonverbal analogy test performance as a function of verbal strategy training.

1975 • 52 citations

Auditory evoked responses in young adults with Down's syndrome and idiopathic mental retardation.

1973 • 52 citations

On intelligence I: Broad ability factors in 15‐year‐old children and Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence

1981 • 50 citations

Mnemonic Support and Curriculum Selection in Teaching by Mothers: A Conjoint Effect

1984 • 50 citations

The Relation of Infants' Home Environments to Achievement Test Performance in First Grade: A Follow-Up Study

1984 • 49 citations

Level I and Level II abilities: Some theoretical reinterpretations

1978 • 49 citations

AGE AND CHOICE BETWEEN RESPONSES IN A SELF-PACED REPETITIVE TASK

1965 • 48 citations

A comparative study of intellectual abilities of Japanese and American children on the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS)

1984 • 48 citations

The Relationship between Reaction Time and Intelligence in Children

1984 • 47 citations

Level I and level II: A review

1981 • 47 citations

Racial differences in intelligence: The importance of the executive system

1983 • 46 citations

A comparison of the factor structures of mental abilities in four ethnic groups.

1976 • 46 citations

Socio-economic status and culturally-weighted test scores of Negro subjects.

1953 • 45 citations

Mnemonic Support and Curriculum Selection in Teaching by Mothers: A Conjoint Effect

1984 • 45 citations

Intelligence; its evolution and forms

1968 • 45 citations

Minor studies from the psychological laboratory of Indiana University. I. A comparison of colored and white children by means of a group scale of intelligence.

1919 • 44 citations

Testing for Competence in Three Ethnic Groups

1978 • 43 citations

The testing of negro intelligence

1983 • 43 citations

Preliminary Investigation of Transfer between Single-Word Decoding Ability and Contextual Reading Comprehension by Poor Readers in Grade Six

1980 • 43 citations

The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery—A Test Battery in Transition

1979 • 43 citations

What does the visual system know about words?

1981 • 41 citations

Psychometric intelligence correlates with interindividual different rates of lipid peroxidation.

1984 • 41 citations

Race, Reality, and Experimental Psychology

1969 • 41 citations

A comparison of the factor structures of mental abilities in four ethnic groups.

1976 • 40 citations

Forward and Backward Digit Span Interaction with Race and IQ: A Longitudinal Developmental Comparison.

1979 • 40 citations

Causes of racial and socioeconomic differences in cognitive tests

1977 • 40 citations

A study of poor Black children who are successful readers

1982 • 39 citations

The definition of intelligence and factorscore indeterminacy

1983 • 38 citations

Social class and perceptual learning.

1966 • 38 citations

Cortical response of retardates for AER audiometry.

1971 • 37 citations

Do IQ tests really measure intelligence?

1983 • 37 citations

Conceptions of Intelligence

1993 • 37 citations

Implicit Messages: A Review of "Bias in Mental Testing"Bias in Mental Testing. Arthur R. Jensen

1981 • 36 citations

Japanese IQ

1984 • 36 citations

Training reaction and movement times of moderately and severely mentally retarded persons in aiming movements.

1984 • 36 citations

Sex, race, and psychomotor reminiscence

1982 • 35 citations

Again, How Much Can We Boost IQ?

1983 • 34 citations

Race differences and type II errors: A comment on Borkowski and Krause

1985 • 34 citations

Reviews

1981 • 32 citations

Estimating the General Factor in the WISC-R

1980 • 32 citations

Estimating the General Factor in the Wisc and the Wais

1980 • 32 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations