Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment

Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

2002 • 7,456 citations

Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults.

1993 • 1,542 citations

Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications.

1985 • 1,351 citations

Increase in Circulating Products of Lipid Peroxidation (F₂-Isoprostanes) in Smokers — Smoking as a Cause of Oxidative Damage

1995 • 1,343 citations

Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial

2002 • 1,071 citations

Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data.

1989 • 862 citations

Intracerebral Hemorrhage After Intravenous t-PA Therapy for Ischemic Stroke

1997 • 827 citations

Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis

2001 • 781 citations

Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry.

1991 • 701 citations

Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: Comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum

1988 • 612 citations

A smoking–dependent risk of coronary artery disease associated with a polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene

1996 • 571 citations

Antioxidant Vitamin C Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Smokers

1996 • 563 citations

Lifetime Smoking Exposure Affects the Association of C-Reactive Protein with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Subclinical Disease in Healthy Elderly Subjects

1997 • 541 citations

Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Implications for Nicotine Replacement Therapy 11All editorial decisions for this article, including selection of referees, were made by a Guest Editor. This policy applies to all articles with authors from the University of California San Francisco.

1997 • 520 citations

Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide.

1995 • 468 citations

Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man.

1982 • 439 citations

Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: Epidemiologic findings

1986 • 417 citations

Cigarette Smoking Potentiates Endothelial Dysfunction of Forearm Resistance Vessels in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia

1996 • 411 citations

Insulin Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans

2002 • 408 citations

Epidemiology of smoking-induced cardiovascular disease

2003 • 396 citations

Biochemical evidence of a chronic abnormality in platelet and vascular function in healthy individuals who smoke cigarettes.

1987 • 392 citations

Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking

1993 • 374 citations

Short-Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on the Exercise Performance of Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease

1989 • 332 citations

Understanding the coronary circulation through studies at the microvascular level.

1990 • 326 citations

Cigarette smoking and diabetes

2003 • 307 citations

Circadian blood nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking

1982 • 294 citations

Oxidative stress and smoking-induced vascular injury

2003 • 267 citations

Impaired Coronary Tissue Plasminogen Activator Release Is Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis and Cigarette Smoking

2001 • 249 citations

Cigarette smoking and diabetes

2003 • 245 citations

Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: evidence for adrenergically mediated alterations in coronary artery tone.

1986 • 237 citations

Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes

2000 • 231 citations

Nicotine stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation in vascular endothelial cells in vitro

1998 • 230 citations

Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Hypercholesterolemia Increase Mitochondrial Damage in Cardiovascular Tissues

2002 • 215 citations

Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking

1984 • 210 citations

Nicotine Strongly Activates Dendritic Cell–Mediated Adaptive Immunity

2003 • 205 citations

Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: Comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking

1993 • 199 citations

Acute effect of cigarette smoking on the coronary circulation: Constriction of epicardial and resistance vessels

1993 • 195 citations

Cigarette smoking renders LDL susceptible to peroxidative modification and enhanced metabolism by macrophages

1989 • 191 citations

Safety of Nicotine Polacrilex Gum Used by 3,094 Participants in the Lung Health Study

1996 • 190 citations

Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction.

1983 • 190 citations

Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries. Observations on arteries from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers.

1975 • 185 citations

Contribution of nicotine to acute endothelial dysfunction in long-term smokers

2002 • 183 citations

Relationship of current and past smoking to mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

2001 • 180 citations

Production of Arrhythmias by Elevated Carboxyhemoglobin in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

1990 • 177 citations

Cigarette smoking, oral moist snuff use and glucose intolerance

2000 • 171 citations

Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Increased Human Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells: Reversibility With Oral l-Arginine but Not Vitamin C

1997 • 169 citations

Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to endothelium in vivo.

1994 • 167 citations

Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease

2003 • 165 citations

Pharmacodynamic model of tolerance: application to nicotine.

1988 • 161 citations

Vitamin C blocks inflammatory platelet-activating factor mimetics created by cigarette smoking.

1997 • 161 citations

Effects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and platelets

1985 • 157 citations

Nicotine is Chemotactic for Neutrophils and Enhances Neutrophil Responsiveness to Chemotactic Peptides

1984 • 157 citations

Smoking and endothelial function

2003 • 155 citations

Effects of cigarette smoking and its cessation on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in heavy smokers.

1994 • 153 citations

Passive Smoking Induces Atherogenic Changes in Low-Density Lipoprotein

1998 • 143 citations

Smoking Increases Tissue Factor Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaques

2000 • 140 citations

Long-term Use of Nicotine Gum Is Associated With Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance

1996 • 138 citations

Haplotype-Specific Effects on Endothelial NO Synthase Promoter Efficiency

2002 • 137 citations

Stable isotope studies of nicotine kinetics and bioavailability

1991 • 135 citations

Smoking and Cardiac Events After Venous Coronary Bypass Surgery

1996 • 130 citations

Arteriosclerotic plaque development is ‘promoted’ by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

1988 • 129 citations

High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking.

1982 • 128 citations

Nicotine Patch Therapy in Smoking Cessation Reduces the Extent of Exercise-Induced Myocardial Ischemia

1997 • 128 citations

Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution

1993 • 128 citations

Smoking Cessation Is Associated With an Increase in Exhaled Nitric Oxide

1997 • 121 citations

Smoking is a risk factor for coronary spasm in young women.

1992 • 120 citations

Long-term Smoking Impairs Platelet-Derived Nitric Oxide Release

1996 • 118 citations

Glutathione S-transferase genotype as a susceptibility factor in smoking-related coronary heart disease

2000 • 114 citations

Nicotine impairs endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo

2000 • 110 citations

Relation between tobacco use and urinary excretion of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin metabolites in young men.

1991 • 107 citations

Acute systemic and coronary hemodynamic and serologic responses to cigarette smoking in long-term smokers with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease

1984 • 107 citations

Effect of nicotine on endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation in vivo

1997 • 104 citations

Daily Use of Smokeless Tobacco: Systemic Effects

1989 • 103 citations

1,3 Butadiene, a Vapor Phase Component of Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Accelerates Arteriosclerotic Plaque Development

1996 • 102 citations

THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SMOKING ON THE FIBRINOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF PLASMA AND PLATELETS

1997 • 102 citations

Effects of Carbon Monoxide Inhalation on Ventricular Fibrillation

1976 • 101 citations

Apparent tolerance to the acute effect of nicotine results in part from distribution kinetics.

1987 • 93 citations

Excess smoking in malignant-phase hypertension

1979 • 92 citations

Dose-related cardiovascular and endocrine effects of transdermal nicotine*

1998 • 91 citations

Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in smokers: effects of vitamin C

2000 • 90 citations

Acetylcholine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in young, heavy smokers with normal coronary arteriographic findings

1993 • 89 citations

Nicotine Increases Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Production by Human Brain Endothelial Cells via Protein Kinase C–Associated Pathway

1999 • 88 citations

Cigarette smoking and coronary blood flow

2003 • 88 citations

Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease

2003 • 88 citations

Safety issues in pharmacotherapy for smoking in patients with cardiovascular disease

2003 • 82 citations

Nicotine Regulates Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor β1Production in Endothelial Cells

1999 • 82 citations

Effect of CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism on cigarette smoking related coronary artery disease and diabetes

2002 • 78 citations

Tobacco Smoking Modifies Association Between Gln-Arg192 Polymorphism of Human Paraoxonase Gene and Risk of Myocardial Infarction

2000 • 72 citations

Cigarette smoking and coronary blood flow

2003 • 71 citations

Prospective study on the effect of smoking and nicotine substitution on leucocyte blood counts and relation between blood leucocytes and lung function

1998 • 69 citations

Involvement of hydrogen and lipid peroxides in acute tobacco smoking-induced platelet hyperactivity

1995 • 69 citations

Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease

2003 • 69 citations

Selective induction of propranolol metabolism by smoking: additional effects on renal clearance of metabolites.

1987 • 62 citations

Cigarette smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and prevention by calcium antagonists and nitroglycerin

1987 • 62 citations

Smoking, Other Risk Factors and Fibrinogen Levels Evidence of Effect Modification

2001 • 62 citations

Effect of nicotine on coronary blood‐flow in man

1985 • 60 citations

Oral Nicotine Induces an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Profile

1986 • 60 citations

Nicotine infusion acutely impairs insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients but not in healthy subjects

2001 • 59 citations

A Synergistic Effect of Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Smoking in Association with CHD

1999 • 59 citations

Nicotine induces leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the cerebral microcirculation of the mouse

1997 • 57 citations

Hospital- and clinic-based smoking cessation interventions for smokers with cardiovascular disease

2003 • 56 citations

Weight gain and insulin resistance during nicotine replacement therapy

1999 • 55 citations

Cholesterol Changes in Smoking Cessation Using the Transdermal Nicotine System

1994 • 48 citations

Carbon monoxide and exercise tolerance in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

1981 • 44 citations

Short-Term Effects of Smoking and Nicotine Chewing Gum on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Young Healthy Habitual Smokers

2000 • 44 citations

Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells

1986 • 43 citations

Nicotine does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentrations in healthy men

1989 • 40 citations

Gene-Environment Interaction in the Determination of Levels of Plasma Fibrinogen

1999 • 40 citations

Genetic influence on cigarette-induced cardiovascular disease

2003 • 40 citations

Effects of cigarette smoking and propranolol in survivors of acute myocardial infarction

1990 • 35 citations

Genetic influence on cigarette-induced cardiovascular disease

2003 • 34 citations

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves venous endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers

1999 • 34 citations

Cigarette smoking during coronary angiography: Diffuse or focal narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries in 13 patients with angina at rest and normal coronary angiograms

1986 • 33 citations

Is transdermal nicotine associated with cardiovascular risk?

1995 • 32 citations

Comparative effects of hypertension and nicotine on injury-induced myointimal thickening.

1987 • 29 citations

Nicotine exacerbates postischemic contractile dysfunction of 'stunned' myocardium in the canine model. Possible role of free radicals.

1994 • 27 citations

The economics of smoking and cardiovascular disease

2003 • 27 citations

The effect of nicotine on dietary atherogenesis in rabbits

1969 • 26 citations

A CONCISE REVIEW OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE PREVENTION

2000 • 25 citations

The effect of nicotine on cultured cells of vascular origin

1985 • 24 citations

Identification of drug interactions by meta-analysis of premarketing trials: The effect of smoking on the pharmacokinetics and dosage requirements for flecanide acetate

1989 • 23 citations

Implications of cigarette smoking for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes

2003 • 20 citations

Influence of smoking status on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition-related improvement in coronary endothelial function. TREND Investigators. Trial on Reversing Endothelial Dysfunction.

1999 • 19 citations

Interaction between smoking and the glycoprotein IIIa P1A2polymorphism in Non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes

2001 • 17 citations

Interactive effect of the p53 gene and cigarette smoking on coronary artery disease

1997 • 15 citations

Factor V Q506 (Resistance to Activated Protein C) and Prognosis after Acute Coronary Syndrome

1999 • 13 citations

Coronary vascular responses to nicotine in the anaesthetized dog

1991 • 5 citations