The Effects of Multimedia and Elaborative Encoding on Learning

The Architecture of Cognition

2013 • 6,946 citations

Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects

1971 • 5,995 citations

Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach

1986 • 5,078 citations

Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications

2014 • 4,235 citations

Imagery and Verbal Processes

2013 • 4,187 citations

Metacognitive Aspects of Problem Solving

2024 • 2,761 citations

Language, Memory, and Thought

1976 • 2,211 citations

Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall

1972 • 2,108 citations

Human Associative Memory

2013 • 2,084 citations

Rules of the Mind

1993 • 1,954 citations

Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status.

1991 • 1,846 citations

The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon.

1978 • 1,501 citations

Television is "easy" and print is "tough": The differential investment of mental effort in learning as a function of perceptions and attributions.

1984 • 941 citations

The Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates

1953 • 937 citations

Effects of text illustrations: A review of research

1982 • 931 citations

When is an illustration worth ten thousand words?

1990 • 926 citations

The instructive animation: Helping students build connections between words and pictures in multimedia learning.

1992 • 909 citations

Organization and Memory

1967 • 899 citations

Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach

1994 • 877 citations

Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words.

1962 • 876 citations

CHRONOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ROTATION OF MENTAL IMAGES

1973 • 865 citations

Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning.

1978 • 853 citations

Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall.

1972 • 836 citations

Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall.

1971 • 798 citations

Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis.

1991 • 784 citations

Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?

1973 • 707 citations

Models for Understanding

1989 • 671 citations

On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution

1978 • 668 citations

Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory

1974 • 666 citations

Information representation in visual images

1975 • 542 citations

Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists

1969 • 501 citations

How to think straight about psychology

1985 • 487 citations

Systematic thinking fostered by illustrations in scientific text.

1989 • 467 citations

Scanning visual images:Some structural implications

1973 • 379 citations

Retrieval independence in recognition and recall.

1978 • 364 citations

The American heritage dictionary

2016 • 353 citations

Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers

1984 • 332 citations

The psychology of learning

1952 • 323 citations

On putting apples into bottles — A problem of polysemy

1975 • 294 citations

Perceptual fluency and recognition judgments.

1985 • 291 citations

Association, synonymity, and directionality in false recognition.

1968 • 250 citations

Different problem-solving competencies established in learning computer programming with and without meaningful models.

1975 • 244 citations

Using computer animated graphics in science instruction with children.

1990 • 223 citations

Comprehension and recall of sentences.

1969 • 221 citations

Elaborative encoding as an explanation of levels of processing

1982 • 215 citations

Associative clustering during recall.

1952 • 205 citations

The role of vision in "visual imagery" experiments: Evidence from the congenitally blind.

1983 • 196 citations

Generation and precision of elaboration: Effects on intentional and incidental learning.

1987 • 186 citations

Constraints on effective elaboration: Effects of precision and subject generation

1979 • 185 citations

Effects of decision difficulty on recognition and recall

1979 • 183 citations

Effects of Pictures on Learning to Read, Comprehension and Attitudes

1970 • 183 citations

Learning and memory

1977 • 183 citations

Elaboration techniques that increase the meaningfulness of technical text: An experimental test of the learning strategy hypothesis.

1980 • 182 citations

Can imagery be distinguished from other forms of internal representation? Evidence from studies of information retrieval times

1976 • 182 citations

Comparison of associative learning strategies

1970 • 180 citations

Retrieval of Information from Long-Term Memory

1983 • 171 citations

The Role of Elaboration in the Comprehension and Retention of Prose: A Critical Review

1980 • 167 citations

Clustering in free recall as a function of certain methodological variations.

1966 • 162 citations

Imaginal and verbal mediators and noun concreteness in paired-associate learning: The elusive interaction

1970 • 152 citations

Learning and Memory

1982 • 141 citations

Role of temporal overlap of visual and auditory material in forming dual media associations.

1984 • 134 citations

Techniques that help readers build mental models from scientific text: Definitions pretraining and signaling.

1984 • 128 citations

Color, graphics, and animation in a computer-assisted learning tutorial lesson

1988 • 107 citations

Retention of pictorial and verbal content of a text with illustrations.

1974 • 105 citations

Effect of graphic analogies of concepts in chemistry on learning and attitudes.

1976 • 103 citations

Determinants of recognition and recall: Accessibility and generation.

1977 • 98 citations

Single and multiple channel communication: A review of research and a proposed model

1961 • 94 citations

Specific impact of radio and television on children's story comprehension.

1983 • 94 citations

Encoding and retrieval in visual memory tasks.

1972 • 84 citations

The role of elaborations in memory for prose

1979 • 81 citations

Free and constrained concept learning and subsequent recall

1966 • 79 citations

The Relationship between Reading and Cognitive Processing of Television and Radio

1984 • 76 citations

Encoding and retaining information in the visuals and verbals of an educational movie

1983 • 73 citations

Differential cognitive and affective responses to flow diagrams in science

1977 • 70 citations

Paired-Associate Learning and Free Recall of Nouns as a Function of Concreteness, Specificity, Imagery, and Meaningfulness

1967 • 65 citations

The effectiveness and cost of interactive videodisc instruction

1989 • 59 citations

Memory for sentences: Implications for human associative memory

1975 • 58 citations

Spatial transformations of words and pictures.

1977 • 58 citations

Synonymity, antonymity, and association in false recognition responses.

1970 • 58 citations

Pictures, repetition, and young children’s oral prose learning1

1976 • 57 citations

The effectiveness of relevant pictures in multiple-channel communications

1967 • 54 citations

Media differences in children's story synopses: Radio and television contrasted.

1986 • 52 citations

Recognition learning under multiple channel presentation and testing conditions

1961 • 46 citations

Priming and recognition failure

1982 • 45 citations

When is recall spectacularly higher than recognition?

1974 • 45 citations

Generalization gradients as indicants of learning and retention of a recognition task.

1967 • 42 citations

The Effectiveness of Digital Audio in Computer-Based Training

1993 • 41 citations

Motion in Instructional Media: Some Subject-Display Mode Interactions

1977 • 40 citations

Effectiveness and Cost of Interactive Videodisc Instruction in Defense Training and Education. IDA Report R2372.

1990 • 39 citations

Learning of Redundant Material Presented through Two Sensory Modalities

1964 • 39 citations

Cartoon embellishments in informative presentations

1980 • 36 citations

Elaboration and recall of main ideas in prose.

1983 • 35 citations

An analysis of evaluations of interactive video

1989 • 33 citations

Recognition memory for pictures: Dynamic vs. static stimuli

1982 • 33 citations

Pictorial organization versus verbal repetition of children’s prose: Evidence for processing differences

1977 • 31 citations

Encoding processes and the recall of text

1983 • 29 citations

Acoustic savings for items forgotten from long-term memory.

1972 • 29 citations

Comparative teaching effectiveness of radio and television

1959 • 27 citations

The Effect of Pictures on Children’s Attitudes Toward Presented Stories¹

1974 • 22 citations

The relative efficiency of bimodal presentation as an aid to learning

1972 • 20 citations

The Effect of Live, TV, and Audio Story Narration on Primary Grade Children’s Listening Comprehension 1

1974 • 19 citations

Effects of elaboration and relational distinctiveness on sentence memory.

1988 • 18 citations

Direct retrieval from elaborated memory traces

1986 • 16 citations

Comparison of the Audio and Video Elements of Instructional Films*

1951 • 13 citations

Emotionality of pictures and the retention of related and unrelated phrases

1978 • 13 citations

Interaction among pictorial components in the recall of picture captions.

1976 • 11 citations

Humorous Illustrations in Textbooks: Effects on Information Acquisition, Appeal, Persuasibility and Motivation.

1980 • 8 citations

On-Line and Off-Line Assessment of Self-Regulation in Learning from Instructional Text and Picture.

1989 • 7 citations