Assessing Affirmative Action

Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets

1973 • 8,086 citations

The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.

1995 • 4,297 citations

Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts

1981 • 4,164 citations

EFFECTS OF PROCEDURAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE ON REACTIONS TO PAY RAISE DECISIONS.

1989 • 2,278 citations

Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor

1985 • 2,260 citations

Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice.

1997 • 2,015 citations

THE THEORY OF DISCRIMINATION

2015 • 1,991 citations

The Black-White Test Score Gap.

1998 • 1,826 citations

Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States

2016 • 1,680 citations

Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts.

1990 • 1,581 citations

Estimating the Returns to Schooling: Some Econometric Problems

1977 • 1,443 citations

Race and gender in the labor market

1999 • 1,428 citations

The Role of Premarket Factors in Black-White Wage Differences

1996 • 1,391 citations

Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets

1977 • 1,284 citations

Are Ghettos Good or Bad?

1997 • 1,197 citations

Beliefs About Inequality: American's Views of What Is and What Ought To Be

1987 • 1,003 citations

Employers' Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination

1988 • 946 citations

A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences

1976 • 940 citations

The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations

1996 • 891 citations

Does neighborhood matter? Assessing recent evidence

1997 • 864 citations

Understanding the ‘Family Gap’ in Pay for Women with Children

1998 • 862 citations

Employers’ discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination

2004 • 842 citations

Regression Toward Mediocrity in Economic Stature

2016 • 826 citations

Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination

2001 • 812 citations

Detecting Discrimination

1998 • 789 citations

Subsidies, Hierarchy and Peers: The Awkward Economics of Higher Education

1999 • 774 citations

The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: Three Decades Later

1992 • 736 citations

Swimming Upstream: Trends in the Gender Wage Differential in the 1980s

1997 • 721 citations

The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination

1995 • 707 citations

Four Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge

1979 • 701 citations

Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities

2019 • 691 citations

Will Affirmative-Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?

1993 • 648 citations

Sex Discrimination in Restaurant Hiring: An Audit Study

1996 • 627 citations

The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?

1991 • 585 citations

Mimicking Political Debate with Survey Questions: The Case of White Opinion on Affirmative Action for Blacks

1990 • 527 citations

Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender

1998 • 504 citations

Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender

1998 • 474 citations

Competition, Small Business Financing, and Discrimination: Evidence from a New Survey

2002 • 466 citations

A Language Theory of Discrimination

1986 • 445 citations

Optimal Contracting with Subjective Evaluation

2003 • 438 citations

The Analytics of the Pricing of Higher Education and Other Services in Which the Customers Are Inputs

1995 • 435 citations

Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts.

1992 • 410 citations

COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH MANAGEMENT OF DIVERSITY: EFFECTS ON STOCK PRICE VALUATION.

1995 • 406 citations

Private Discrimination and Social Intervention in Competitive Labor Markets

2016 • 400 citations

Quantitative Literacy and the Likelihood of Employment among Young Adults in the United States

1992 • 394 citations

Wages, Productivity, and Worker Characteristics: Evidence from Plant‐Level Production Functions and Wage Equations

1999 • 393 citations

Do Teachers' Race, Gender, and Ethnicity Matter? Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988

1995 • 392 citations

Education-Finance Reform and the Distribution of Education Resources

1998 • 390 citations

Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Markets

1977 • 389 citations

Are Those Paid More Really More Productive? The Case of Experience

1981 • 386 citations

The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men

1990 • 384 citations

Evidence on Discrimination in Mortgage Lending

1998 • 382 citations

What Went Wrong? The Erosion of Relative Earnings and Employment Among Young Black Men in the 1980s

1992 • 381 citations

THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON WAGES

1997 • 370 citations

College Selectivity and Earnings

1995 • 366 citations

Asymmetric Tournaments, Equal Opportunity Laws, and Affirmative Action: Some Experimental Results

1992 • 365 citations

America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible

1997 • 363 citations

Culture, Information, and Screening Discrimination

1996 • 363 citations

The Promise of Public Sector-Sponsored Training Programs

1995 • 357 citations

Discrimination in an Equilibrium Search Model

1995 • 357 citations

Beliefs about Inequality: Americans' Views of What is and What Ought to Be.

1988 • 327 citations

Pay for performance: evaluating performance appraisal and merit pay

1991 • 325 citations

Beliefs about Inequality

2017 • 319 citations

Market Structure and Discrimination: The Case of Small Businesses

1998 • 313 citations

The Association between Men's Economic Status and Their Family and Community Origins

1992 • 304 citations

Sex‐Based Differences in School Content and the Male‐Female Wage Gap

1997 • 289 citations

Job Discrimination, Market Forces, and the Invisibility Hypothesis

1987 • 281 citations

Gender Wage Discrimination Bias? A Meta-Regression Analysis

1998 • 280 citations

The Shape of the River

2000 • 280 citations

Women's quest for economic equality

1989 • 266 citations

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE‐FAIRNESS

1971 • 265 citations

Evidence on Discrimination in Consumer Markets

1998 • 264 citations

Does a Helping Hand Put Others At Risk?: Affirmative Action, Police Departments, and Crime

2000 • 257 citations

Public Education and Income Distribution: A Dynamic Quantitative Evaluation of Education--Finance

1998 • 254 citations

The Impact of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Law on Black Employment

1990 • 247 citations

Mentoring and Diversity

2000 • 246 citations

Why Do Mexican Americans Earn Low Wages?

1997 • 243 citations

Marriage, Motherhood, and Wages

1992 • 241 citations

Racial Differences in Professional Basketball Players' Compensation

1988 • 238 citations

Customer Discrimination and Employment Outcomes for Minority Workers

1998 • 228 citations

Customer Racial Discrimination in the Market for Memorabilia: The Case of Baseball

1990 • 228 citations

Omitted-Ability Bias and the Increase in the Return to Schooling

1993 • 201 citations

Poverty and place

1997 • 201 citations

Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby.

1992 • 201 citations

The residential preferences of blacks and whites: A four‐metropolis analysis

1997 • 195 citations

Physician service to the underserved: implications for affirmative action in medical education.

1996 • 192 citations

The Impact of Affirmative Action on Employment

1984 • 182 citations

Forbidden grounds: the case against employment discrimination laws

1992 • 179 citations

Measuring Employment Discrimination through Controlled Experiments

1994 • 171 citations

The content of our character

1991 • 167 citations

Following in Her Footsteps? Faculty Gender Composition and Women's Choices of College Majors

1995 • 161 citations

Sex, Wages, and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis of Israeli Firm‐Level Data

1999 • 149 citations

Statistical Discrimination and the Early Career Evolution of the Black- White Wage Gap

1996 • 149 citations

Affirmative Action and Labor Markets

1984 • 147 citations

The Underrepresentation of Women in Economics: A Study of Undergraduate Economics Students

1997 • 142 citations

Women and Affirmative Action

1989 • 140 citations

What Does the Afqt Really Measure: Race, Wages, Schooling and the Afqt Score

1996 • 137 citations

Market Forces and Sex Discrimination

2002 • 136 citations

Why So Many Children of Doctors Become Doctors: Nepotism vs. Human Capital Transfers

1989 • 132 citations

Dimensions of same-gender student-faculty role-model relationships

1985 • 132 citations

Untitled

1997 • 128 citations

Sex-Related Wage Differentials and Women's Interrupted Labor Careers-the Chicken or the Egg

1988 • 128 citations

What Does Affirmative Action Do?

2000 • 127 citations

An Analysis of the Correlates of Discrimination Facing Young Hispanic Job-Seekers

2016 • 119 citations

Antidiscrimination or Reverse Discrimination: The Impact of Changing Demographics, Title VII, and Affirmative Action on Productivity

1984 • 117 citations

Can Affirmative Action Be Cost Effective? An Experimental Examination of Price-Preference Auctions

1999 • 112 citations

The Enforcement of Equal Opportunity Laws Under Imperfect Information: Affirmative Action and Alternatives

1991 • 111 citations

Women Helping Women? Role Model and Mentoring Effects on Female Ph.D. Students in Economics

1998 • 111 citations

Race and Sex Differences in Line Managers' Reactions to Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Interventions

1995 • 106 citations

Interfirm Segregation and the Black/White Wage Gap

1998 • 105 citations

Do Teachers' Race, Gender, and Ethnicity Matter? Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988

1995 • 98 citations

Equality of Educational Opportunity Revisited

1996 • 94 citations

Why Do Small Establishments Hire Fewer Blacks Than Large Ones?

1998 • 92 citations

Affirmative Action and Other Special Consideration Admissions at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

1997 • 89 citations

Do Female Faculty Influence Female Students' Educational and Labor Market Attainments?

1995 • 87 citations

The Effect on Black-White Wage Differences of Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Education

1994 • 86 citations

Does the Contract Compliance Program Work? An Analysis of Chicago Data

1976 • 85 citations

Testing for Bias in Graduate School Admissions

1997 • 85 citations

Sex Discrimination and Women's Labor Market Outcomes

1995 • 84 citations

Career Plans and Expectations of Young Women and Men: The Earnings Gap and Labor Force Participation

1991 • 84 citations

Wage Differentials by Race and Sex: The Roles of Taste Discrimination and Labor Market Information

1999 • 83 citations

How the Changing Market Structure of U.S. Higher Education Explains College Tuition

1997 • 83 citations

Changes in Women's Majors from Entrance to Graduation at Women's and Coeducational Colleges

1995 • 82 citations

Schumpeterian Growth and International Business Cycles

1992 • 81 citations

The Affirmative Action Debate

1996 • 78 citations

Sex-based promotion decisions and interactional fairness: Investigating the influence of managerial accounts.

1996 • 78 citations

Teenage Employment and the Spatial Isolation of Minority and Poverty Households

1996 • 77 citations

The Impact of Affirmative Action on Labor Demand: A Test of Some Implications of the Le Chatelier Principle

1992 • 77 citations

The Effect of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities on Future Wages of Black Students

1995 • 75 citations

Do Small Business Set-Asides Increase the Cost of Government Contracting?

1997 • 73 citations

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2005 • 72 citations

Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Firm Profitability

1991 • 70 citations

Are Affirmative Action Hires Less Qualified? Evidence from Employer‐Employee Data on New Hires

1999 • 69 citations

The Effect of Federal Contractor Status on Racial Differences in Establishment-Level Employment Shares: 1979-1992

1996 • 68 citations

Scholastic Aptitude Test scores, race, and academic performance in selective colleges and universities.

1998 • 68 citations

Toward Representative Bureaucracy: Blacks in City Police Organizations, 1975-1985

1989 • 67 citations

Employment and Occupational Advance Under Affirmative Action

1984 • 66 citations

The Gender Composition and Scholarly Performance of Economics Departments: A Test for Employment Discrimination

1996 • 65 citations

The Threat to Diversity in Legal Education; An Empirical Analysis of the Consequences of Abandoning Race as a Factor in Law School Admissions Decisions

1997 • 65 citations

Competition, Small Business Financing, and Discrimination: Evidence from a New Survey

1999 • 64 citations

Equality and efficiency tradeoffs in affirmative action—Real or imagined? The case of women in policing

1987 • 60 citations

The Estimated Impact of the Antidiscrimination Program Aimed at Federal Contractors

1976 • 60 citations

Experience, Tenure, and Wage Growth of Young Black and White Men

1998 • 58 citations

The Impact of Federal Civil Rights Policy on Black Economic Progress: Evidence from the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

1998 • 57 citations

Utilization of Minority Employees in Small Business: A Comparison of Nonminority and Black-Owned Urban Enterprises

1994 • 56 citations

Using Establishment Size to Measure the Impact of Title VII and Affirmative Action

2000 • 56 citations

Employment Quotas for Minorities

1976 • 56 citations

Antidiscrimination Law and Minority Employment

1994 • 55 citations

Group Differences and Personnel Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action

1996 • 55 citations

Public Finance of Private Goods: The Case of College Education

1994 • 53 citations

Race, Sex, and Performance Ratings in the Federal Service

1997 • 52 citations

Measuring the Effect of an Antidiscrimination Program

1974 • 51 citations

CUSTOMER DISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

1991 • 50 citations

A model of employment outcomes illustrating the effect of the structure of information on the level and distribution of income

1982 • 49 citations

Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States

2003 • 48 citations

Who benefits from minority business set-asides? The case of New Jersey

1996 • 48 citations

Intrametropolitan Variation in Wage Rates: The Case of Atlanta Fast-Food Restaurant Workers

1994 • 48 citations

Black and White Faculty in White Research Universities

1983 • 47 citations

Affirmative Action and the Racial Wage Gap.

1993 • 44 citations

An Economic Argument for Affirmative Action

1992 • 42 citations

Are Suburban Firms More Likely to Discriminate against African-Americans?

2000 • 40 citations

Do Preferential Procurement Programs Benefit Minority Business

1996 • 39 citations

MORTGAGE LENDING IN BOSTON: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE

1998 • 39 citations

Affirmative action programs: an organizational justice perspective

1996 • 39 citations

Effects of Sex-Based Preferential Selection and Discrimination on Job Attitudes

1994 • 39 citations

Affirmative Action and Its Enforcement

1981 • 38 citations

Capital Issues and the Minority-Owned Business

1988 • 37 citations

Sex Discrimination and Admission to Medical School, 1929-1984

1986 • 35 citations

Race-based versus class-based affirmative action in college admissions

1998 • 34 citations

Affirmative Action as Earnings Redistribution: The Targeting of Compliance Reviews

1985 • 34 citations

Commercial Bank Lending Practices and the Development of Black Owned Construction Companies

1992 • 32 citations

Affirmative action, political representation, unions, and female police employment

1999 • 31 citations

Preferential Procurement Programs and Minorlty-Owned Businesses

1995 • 29 citations

Is Equal Opportunity Enough

2016 • 28 citations

Black and White Faculty in White Research Universities

1983 • 28 citations

Racially gerrymandering the content of police tests to satisfy the U.S. Justice Department: A case study.

1996 • 27 citations

The National Health Service Corps and Inner-City Hospitals

1997 • 26 citations

Minority Physicians Serving in Rural National Health Service Corps Sites

1996 • 26 citations

Factors Affecting New Firm Success and Their Use in Venture Capital Financing

1992 • 24 citations

Affirmative Action in Nine Large Companies: A Field Study.

1985 • 24 citations

Race, Children's Cognitive Achievement and The Bell Curve

1995 • 23 citations

The Impact of the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) on University and Professional School Admissions and the Implications for the California Economy

1996 • 23 citations

Affirmative Action for Women Faculty

1985 • 22 citations

Concepts of culture

1999 • 21 citations

Affirmative action at work: a survey of graduates of the University of California, San Diego, Medical School.

1986 • 20 citations

School Finance Reform, the Distribution of School Spending, and the Distribution of SAT Scores

1997 • 19 citations

Race-based versus class-based affirmative action in college admissions

1998 • 18 citations

The Impact of Race on Policing, Arrest Patterns, and Crime

1998 • 17 citations

Affirmative Action in a Changing Legal and Economic Environment

1995 • 17 citations

The Labor Market Implications of an Economywide Affirmative Action Program

1976 • 16 citations

Performance as a function of increased minority hiring.

1993 • 16 citations

Racial Test Score Differences as Evidence of Reverse Discrimination: Less than Meets the Eye

1999 • 15 citations

Regional patterns of affirmative action compliance costs

1996 • 15 citations

Reactions of Beneficiaries to Preferential Treatment: A Reality Check

1996 • 15 citations

Affirmative Action and Productivity in Law Enforcement Agencies

1983 • 13 citations

Race and College Admissions.

1996 • 11 citations

Gender Bias in Doctoral Programs in Economics

1995 • 10 citations

Labor Market Information and Wage Differentials by Race and Sex

1998 • 10 citations

On Academic Blood Tests

1971 • 8 citations

Assessing the Outcome of Affirmative Action in Medical Schools

1987 • 7 citations

Entrance quotas and admission to medical schools: a sequential probit model

1996 • 7 citations

Some New Historical Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action: Detroit, 1972

1992 • 7 citations

Review of Meritocracy and Economic Inequality Edited by Kenneth Arrow, Samuel Bowles, and Steven Durlaf

2001 • 6 citations

Characteristics of Minority Members of the American Economic Association

1988 • 5 citations

Affirmative Action: A Case Study of an Organizational Effort

1992 • 5 citations

An Econometric Analysis of Affirmative Action

1981 • 4 citations

Minority Procurement Policy Design, a Reply to Timothy Bates and Darrell Williams

1995 • 3 citations

Mentoring and Diversity

1998 • 3 citations

Preferential Procurement, a Rejoinder

1995 • 1 citations