The Extracellular Space in the Vertebrate Central Nervous System

A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism

1873 • 4,398 citations

SPREADING DEPRESSION OF ACTIVITY IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

1944 • 2,580 citations

FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE

1967 • 2,534 citations

JUNCTIONS BETWEEN INTIMATELY APPOSED CELL MEMBRANES IN THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN

1969 • 2,408 citations

Cryobiology: The Freezing of Biological Systems

1970 • 1,578 citations

Passage of Molecules Through Capillary Walls

1953 • 942 citations

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPREADING DEPRESSION OF ACTIVITY IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

1947 • 906 citations

A Mathematical Treatment of the Electric Conductivity and Capacity of Disperse Systems I. The Electric Conductivity of a Suspension of Homogeneous Spheroids

1924 • 868 citations

The Theory of Membrane Equilibria.

1924 • 737 citations

Iontophoretic studies of neurones in the mammalian cerebral cortex

1963 • 659 citations

FIXATION OF NEURAL TISSUES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY BY PERFUSION WITH SOLUTIONS OF OSMIUM TETROXIDE

1962 • 532 citations

The chemical excitation of spinal neurones by certain acidic amino acids

1960 • 484 citations

GLIA IN THE LEECH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND NEURON-GLIA RELATIONSHIP

1964 • 482 citations

MECHANISM OF SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION

1956 • 437 citations

The electrical properties of the motoneurone membrane

1955 • 425 citations

Fixation of the central nervous system for electron microscopy by aldehyde perfusion

1965 • 422 citations

A STUDY OF EXTRACELLULAR SPACE IN CENTRAL NERVOUS TISSUE BY FREEZE-SUBSTITUTION

1965 • 404 citations

PERMEABILITY AND IMPERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANES FOR IONS

1940 • 386 citations

Metabolism of the Nervous System

1957 • 372 citations

Electron microscopy after rapid freezing on a metal surface and substitution fixation

1964 • 366 citations

The cellular functions of membrane transport

1964 • 356 citations

Spreading Cortical Depression of Leão

1959 • 351 citations

Principles of Biological Microtechnique

1959 • 330 citations

THE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE BRAIN OF FERRITIN INJECTED INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID COMPARTMENTS

1965 • 330 citations

On the mechanism of fluid exchange of tissues in vitro

1956 • 309 citations

Hydrocephalus: Changes in Formation and Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid Within the Cerebral Ventricles

1963 • 303 citations

Active transport of Diodrast and phenolsulfonphthalein from cerebrospinal fluid to blood

1961 • 301 citations

Stimulation of spinal motoneurones with intracellular electrodes

1956 • 297 citations

The Physiology of Nerve Cells.

1958 • 295 citations

Development of the blood vessels and extracellular spaces during postnatal maturation of rat cerebral cortex

1970 • 289 citations

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN THE RAT, EMPLOYING SILVER NITRATE AS A VITAL STAIN

1955 • 282 citations

COMPOUNDS IN BRAIN EXTRACTS CAUSING SPREADING DEPRESSION OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL ACTIVITY AND CONTRACTION OF CRUSTACEAN MUSCLE

1959 • 270 citations

MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

1962 • 261 citations

Specific impedance of rabbit cerebral cortex

1963 • 258 citations

Specific impedance of cerebral white matter

1965 • 257 citations

The Blood-Brain Barrier

1961 • 256 citations

The distribution within the brain of ferritin injected into cerebrospinal fluid compartments. II. Parenchymal distribution

1965 • 254 citations

Electron microscopy of neurons and neuroglia of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum

1957 • 251 citations

INTRACELLULAR RECORDS FROM BETZ CELLS IN THE CAT

1956 • 236 citations

Cerebral Impedance Changes After Circulatory Arrest

1956 • 233 citations

Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid by the ventricular ependyma of the rabbit

1967 • 232 citations

Extracellular space of brain as determined by diffusion of inulin from the ventricular system

1962 • 221 citations

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1956 • 216 citations

Neuroglial Structure and Relationships as Revealed by Electron Microscopy

1957 • 216 citations

Neuroglia: Biophysical Properties and Physiologic Function

1970 • 209 citations

Some properties of unresponsive cells in the cerebral cortex

1967 • 209 citations

Die Feinstruktur des molekularen Rindengraues und ihre physiologische Bedeutung

1959 • 207 citations

Sucrose and inulin space measurements of cerebral cortex in four mammalian species

1970 • 199 citations

ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF SUSPENSIONS OF SPHERES

1928 • 198 citations

LOW‐TEMPERATURE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS BASED ON RAPID FREEZING WITH LIQUID HELIUM II*

1960 • 194 citations

THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTROLYTES IN MAMMALIAN TISSUES

1939 • 188 citations

Penetration of 14C-inulin and 14C-sucrose into brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and skeletal muscle of developing rats

1969 • 186 citations

Fixation of the central nervous system for electron microscopy by aldehyde perfusion

1965 • 183 citations

An electron microscopic study of neurons during postnatal development of the rat cerebral cortex

1968 • 181 citations

Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Regulation of Ventilation

1966 • 177 citations

THE PASSAGE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES OUT OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

1963 • 177 citations

The specific impedance of the dorsal columns of cat: An anisotropic medium

1965 • 173 citations

THE UPTAKE OF GLUTAMIC ACID AND GLUTAMINE BY BRAIN AND OTHER TISSUES OF THE RAT AND MOUSE

1950 • 167 citations

Some relations between resistivity and electrical activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat

1955 • 166 citations

CORTICAL INTRACELLULAR POTENTIALS AND THEIR RESPONSES TO STRYCHNINE

1959 • 154 citations

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER*

1957 • 150 citations

An electron microscopic study of the neuroglia during postnatal development of the rat cerebrum

1968 • 148 citations

Glutamate release from the retina during spreading depression

1970 • 146 citations

Brain Tissue Electrolytes

1967 • 144 citations

Kinetics of movement of iodide, sucrose, inulin and radio‐iodinated serum albumin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid of the rat

1963 • 141 citations

Brain Extracellular Space and the Sink Action of Cerebrospinal Fluid

1967 • 138 citations

The slow voltage variation of cortical spreading depression of activity

1951 • 132 citations

THE PENETRATION OF RADIOACTIVE SODIUM AND PHOSPHORUS INTO THE EXTRA- AND INTRACELLULAR PHASES OF TISSUES

1941 • 132 citations

Distribution of the extracellular space during postnatal maturation of rat cerebral cortex

1968 • 129 citations

Light-scattering changes accompanying spreading depression in isolated retina.

1966 • 128 citations

Changes in cortical extracellular space during spreading depression investigated with the electron microscope.

1967 • 126 citations

Quantitative studies of the passage of different substances out of the cerebro‐spinal fluid

1962 • 123 citations

Analysis of specific impedance of rabbit cerebral cortex

1963 • 120 citations

DETERMINATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID, GLUTAMINE, GLUTATHIONE AND γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN BRAIN TISSUE

1958 • 117 citations

Intracellular potentials from “idle” cells in cerebral cortex of cat

1966 • 112 citations

Light- and electron-microscopic changes in central nervous tissue after electrophoretic injection of glutamate

1971 • 112 citations

The motorneuron surface

1956 • 111 citations

Local variations in cerebrospinal fluid composition and its relationship to the composition of the extracellular fluid of the cortex

1966 • 111 citations

Extracellular space of rat cerebral cortex

1967 • 110 citations

Electrolyte distribution in mammalian central nervous system: Are glia high sodium cells?

1961 • 109 citations

Cellular and Extracellular Spaces in Developing Rat Brain

1965 • 108 citations

THE EFFECTS OF IODIDE, PERCHLORATE, THIOCYANATE,AND NITRATE ADMINISTRATION UPON THEIODIDE CONCENTRATING MECHANISMOF THE RAT THYROID*

1953 • 107 citations

STUDIES ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN NERVOUS TISSUE: I. RABBIT RETINA: METHODS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1956 • 106 citations

Electrical and Vascular Concomitants of Spreading Depression

1957 • 103 citations

THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ANIMAL TISSUES UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

1922 • 103 citations

POTASSIUM OUTFLUX FROM RABBIT CORTEX DURING SPREADING DEPRESSION

1960 • 101 citations

Membrane potential of cerebral cortical cells during spreading depression and asphyxia

1966 • 97 citations

Chloride movements in cerebral cortex after circulatory arrest and during spreading depression

1959 • 95 citations

The cerebrospinal fluid

1962 • 95 citations

Variation of cerebral cortex fluid spaces in vivo as a function of species brain size

1965 • 93 citations

Extracellular space in the cerebral cortex of the mouse.

1967 • 91 citations

IONIC BASIS FOR THE DEPOLARIZATION OF CEREBRAL TISSUES BY EXCITATORY ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS

1966 • 89 citations

Factors affecting the distribution of iodide and bromide in the central nervous system*

1966 • 86 citations

Active transport of iodide by choroid plexus of the rabbit in vitro

1962 • 85 citations

Extracellular Brain Space Measured by S35 Sulfate

1961 • 83 citations

Electrical analogues for tissues

1969 • 82 citations

Impedance measurements in brain tissue of animals using microvolt signals

1962 • 79 citations

Synapse Arising at Central Node of Ranvier, and Note on Fixation of the Central Nervous System

1963 • 78 citations

Observations on the postnatal development of neuronal structures in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat by electron microscopy

1967 • 76 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid iodide

1961 • 74 citations

Changes in Volume of Cortical Neuronal Elements During Asphyxiation

1957 • 73 citations

THE EXTENT TO WHICH RADIOACTIVE CHLORIDE PENETRATES TISSUES, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

1941 • 73 citations

Intracellular and extracellular compartments of mammalian central nervous tissue*

1966 • 71 citations

Extracellular space of the cerebral cortex of normothermic and hypothermic cats

1970 • 70 citations

Changes in the Diameter of Apical Dendrites During Spreading Depression

1958 • 68 citations

Ionic content of the neuroglia

1962 • 68 citations

Specific impedance of rabbit's cortical tissue

1963 • 67 citations

The Environment and Function of Invertebrate Nerve Cells

1970 • 67 citations

FURTHER STUDIES ON SWELLING OF BRAIN SLICES

1962 • 65 citations

THE STAINING OF THIN SECTIONS OF MOUSE PANCREAS PREPARED BY THE FERNÁNDEZ-MORÁN HELIUM II FREEZE-SUBSTITUTION METHOD

1960 • 64 citations

Perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and post-fixation with osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy

1968 • 63 citations

THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE IN THE TOAD RETINA AS DEFINED BY THE DISTRIBUTION OF FERROCYANIDE

1962 • 62 citations

Specific resistivity of the cerebral cortex and white matter

1968 • 62 citations

High Sodium Content of Cortical Astrocytes

1966 • 58 citations

Eutectic ethylene glycol and pure propylene glycol as substituting media for the dehydration of frozen tissue

1967 • 57 citations

MEASUREMENT OF FUNCTION IN AN IN VITRO PREPARATION OF MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS TISSUE

1960 • 57 citations

Electron microscopy of nervous tissue

1951 • 56 citations

Changes in the electrical conductivity of cerebral cortex during seizure activity

1962 • 55 citations

AMINO ACID RELEASE FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX DURING SPREADING DEPRESSION AND ASPHYXIATION*

1965 • 55 citations

TRANSPORT OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE RAT SCIATIC NERVE: A BIOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

1973 • 54 citations

Distribution of 14C-labeled sucrose, inulin, and dextran in extracellular spaces and in cells of the leech central nervous system.

1967 • 53 citations

Specific impedance of cerebral cortex during spreading depression, and an analysis of neuronal, neuroglial, and interstitial contributions

1964 • 53 citations

The extracellular space of rat brain following perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and hydroxyadipaldehyde

1965 • 52 citations

The development of the extracellular space in neonatal rat inferior colliculus: An electron microscopic study,

1969 • 52 citations

Resistance Shifts Accompanying the Evoked Cortical Response in the Cat

1967 • 51 citations

Influence of various drugs on the transport of ¹³¹I and PAH across the cerebrospinal‐fluid—blood barrier

1963 • 50 citations

Location of radioactively labelled extracellular fluid indicators in nervous tissue by autoradiography

1969 • 50 citations

Thiocyanate space of rat brain

1961 • 49 citations

Iodide transport from the spinal subarachnoid fluid in the cat

1969 • 48 citations

The preservation of tissue fine structure during rapid freezing

1967 • 48 citations

The extracellular space in the developing rat brain: Its variation with changes in osmolarity of the fixative, method of fixation and maturation

1969 • 48 citations

A STUDY OF SINGLE CORTICAL NEURONS DURING SPREADING DEPRESSION

1964 • 46 citations

Factors affecting distribution of iodide in brain and cerebrospinal fluid

1965 • 45 citations

The size of the sucrose, raffinose, and inulin spaces in the gastrocnemius muscle in the rat

1966 • 44 citations

Sodium fluxes in isolated frog brain

1963 • 39 citations

Biochemical and physiological differentiation during morphogenesis. XI. The extracellular and intracellular phases of the liver and cerebral cortex of the fetal guinea pig as estimated from distribution of chloride and radiosodium

1949 • 38 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid transport and the thiocyanate space of the brain

1966 • 38 citations

Electrical impedance and volume changes in brain during preparation for electron microscopy

1967 • 38 citations

Asphyxial changes in the cerebellar cortex

1961 • 38 citations

Demonstration of extracellular space by freeze-drying in the cerebellar molecular layer

1966 • 38 citations

Concentration of Thiocyanate by the Choroid Plexus of the Rabbit in vitro.

1962 • 37 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid transport of sulfate in the cat

1968 • 37 citations

Blood-Brain Barrier: Evidence for Active Cation Transport between Blood and the Extracellular Fluid of Brain

1969 • 36 citations

Extracellular space in frozen and ethanol substituted central nervous tissue

1970 • 36 citations

The ultrastructure of normal and abnormal oligodendroglia

1960 • 35 citations

Permeability to thorium dioxide of the intercellular spaces of the frog cerebral hemisphere

1966 • 35 citations

Distribution of Colloidal Particles in Extracellular Space and Synaptic Cleft Substance of Mammalian Cerebral Cortex

1966 • 34 citations

THE ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF SUSPENSIONS OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS

1933 • 34 citations

TRANSPORT OF SULPHATE, THIOSULPHATE AND IODIDE BY CHOROID PLEXUS IN VITRO¹

1968 • 34 citations

Molecular concentration of kidney cortex slices

1955 • 33 citations

The role of neuronal elements in regional cerebral impedance changes in alerting, orienting and discriminative responses

1966 • 32 citations

Extracellular fluid, ionic distribution and exchange in isolated frog brain

1968 • 32 citations

The action of glutamate and the problem op the ?extracellular space? in the retina

1961 • 32 citations

Demonstration of an intercellular substance in mouse cerebral cortex

1967 • 32 citations

STUDIES ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN NERVOUS TISSUE: II. EFFECT OF GLUTAMATE AND GLUTAMINE

1956 • 31 citations

Electrical impedance in the subicular area of rats during paradoxical sleep

1966 • 31 citations

Inulin space and fibre size of stimulated rat muscle

1955 • 30 citations

Fixation of the central nervous system by perfusion with aldehydes and its effect on the extracellular space as seen by electron microscopy

1967 • 30 citations

Distribution of thiocyanate between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

1964 • 30 citations

Biochemical and physiological differentiation during morphogenesis. XI. The effect of growth on the amount and distribution of water, protein and fat in the liver and cerebral cortex of the fetal guinea pig

1950 • 29 citations

Effects of calcium on the electrical resistance and the extracellular space of cerebral cortex

1971 • 28 citations

Electrical impedance of brain surfaces

1969 • 28 citations

WATER, NITROGEN, AND ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION IN BRAIN

1944 • 27 citations

Effects of cations and hyaluronidase on cerebral electrical impedance

1969 • 26 citations

EFFECT OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ON VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MARKERS

1969 • 26 citations

THE ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS

1924 • 26 citations

Diffusion of non-electrolytes in brain tissue

1970 • 26 citations

The iodide space in rabbit brain

1969 • 26 citations

Sulfate concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of rabbits and cats

1966 • 25 citations

A method for the location of extracellular space in crab nerve.

1965 • 25 citations

The magnitude of the extracellular space in electron micrographs of superficial and deep regions of the cerebral cortex

1970 • 24 citations

Acute asphyxiation of the spinal cord and of other sections of the nervous system

1964 • 24 citations

THE VALIDITY OF THE CENTRIFUGE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING AGGREGATE CELL VOLUME IN SUSPENSIONS OF THE EGG OF THE SEA-URCHIN, ARBACIA PUNCTULATA

1935 • 24 citations

The extracellular compartment of the cerebral cortex

1965 • 23 citations

Sulfate and Iodide Concentration in Brain

1968 • 21 citations

Glutamate effects in the developing chicken

1970 • 21 citations

Changes in the membrane potential of cortical cells during spreading depression.

1966 • 20 citations

HISTOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1960 • 20 citations

Changes in extracellular space of the mouse cerebral cortex during hydroxyadipaldehyde fixation and osmium tetroxide post-fixation

1969 • 20 citations

Recovery of cerebral cortex from asphyxiation

1962 • 20 citations

ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF FERTILIZED ARBACIA EGG SUSPENSIONS

1938 • 18 citations

Electron microscopy of the mouse retina prepared by freeze‐substitution

1968 • 18 citations

Spreading depression of negative wave of direct cortical response and pyramidal tract responses

1970 • 17 citations

Distribution of extracellular material in central white matter.

1966 • 17 citations

Electrical impedance changes in many sites of brain in paradoxical sleep, anesthesia, and activity

1970 • 16 citations

Histochemical Differentiation of Chloride from Other Ions Precipitated by Silver Nitrate in Freeze-Substitution Fixation

1961 • 14 citations

Conductivity changes in some organs after circulatory arrest

1962 • 13 citations

Blockade of thalamocortical and pyramidal pathways by striatal spreading depression in rats

1967 • 13 citations

Uptake of iodide by choroid plexus in vivo and location of the iodide pump

1969 • 13 citations

Distribution of sulfate in blood and between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in vivo

1960 • 13 citations

Extracellular space in the rat brain after fixation with 12 M formaldehyde

1969 • 12 citations

Diffusion of radioactive nonelectrolytes in saline-agar gels

1969 • 12 citations

Conductivity of the Cerebral Cortex After Circulatory Arrest at Body Temperatures from 37° C to 18° C

1964 • 11 citations

The penetration of thorotrast into brain spaces following osmium, glutaraldehyde, and hydroxyadipaldehyde fixation

1966 • 10 citations

Extrazellul�rraum und Ionenverteilung in grauer und wei�er Substanz des Hundehirns

1970 • 9 citations

Sucrose space measurements in the rabbit central nervous system

1967 • 9 citations

Chloride movements during perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde

1968 • 9 citations

Cerebral impedance changes in hypothermia

1962 • 8 citations

The effect of potassium ions liberated from nerve structures invaded by spreading depression on conduction in fibres of the adjacent white matter.

1968 • 7 citations

Chloride, Potassium and Water Content of Apical Dendrites and Their Changes After Circulatory Arrest, at Body Temperatures from 37° C to 20° C

1964 • 7 citations

Regional variations in intracranial iodide transport

1965 • 7 citations

The thiosulphate (35S) space in the CNS of rats after ventriculo-cisternal perfusion

1970 • 7 citations

Effect of glutamate and glutamine on the intracellular electrolytes of nervous tissue

1958 • 6 citations

Release of glutamate from the retina during glutaraldehyde fixation*

1972 • 6 citations

The effect of thalamic spreading depression on conduction in the visual and auditory pathways.

1966 • 4 citations

Accumulation of Inorganic Sulfate by Choroid Plexus in Vitro

1968 • 4 citations