Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus

The Evolution of Cooperation

1981 • 20,191 citations

Life-History Tactics: A Review of the Ideas

1976 • 3,515 citations

Theory of Feeding Strategies

1971 • 3,488 citations

The Components of Predation as Revealed by a Study of Small-Mammal Predation of the European Pine Sawfly

1959 • 3,322 citations

The Ontogenetic Niche and Species Interactions in Size-Structured Populations

1984 • 2,559 citations

An Experimental Test of the Effects of Predation Risk on Habitat Use in Fish

1983 • 1,644 citations

Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk, and competition

1988 • 1,322 citations

The Economics of Fleeing from Predators

1986 • 1,269 citations

Plasticity in Life-History Traits

1998 • 999 citations

Predation risk as a cost of reproduction

1991 • 969 citations

Optimal Behavior: Can Foragers Balance Two Conflicting Demands?

1980 • 892 citations

Habitat Selection Under Predation Hazard: Test of a Model with Foraging Minnows

1987 • 874 citations

Amphibian Metamorphosis: Growth Rate, Predation Risk, and the Optimal Size at Transformation

1986 • 830 citations

Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

1978 • 736 citations

?Costs? of reproduction in reptiles

1980 • 681 citations

Grazing Minnows, Piscivorous Bass, and Stream Algae: Dynamics of a Strong Interaction

1985 • 673 citations

Diet optimization in a generalist herbivore: The moose

1978 • 618 citations

The Common Currency for Behavioral Decisions

1986 • 607 citations

Acoustically Orienting Parasitoids: Fly Phonotaxis to Cricket Song

1975 • 552 citations

Behavioral Response of Crayfish to a Fish Predator

1976 • 540 citations

Towards a Unifield Foraging Theory

1986 • 532 citations

Defence in Animals

1976 • 502 citations

The Tungara Frog: A Study in Sexual Selection and Communication

1985 • 501 citations

Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging

1974 • 482 citations

Predation, light intensity and courtship behaviour in Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

1987 • 443 citations

The Role of Predation in Age‐ and Size‐Related Habitat Use by Stream Fishes

1987 • 428 citations

Provenance, shoal size and the sociobiology of predator-evasion behaviour in minnow shoals

1987 • 399 citations

Predator-prey interactions among fish and larval amphibians: use of chemical cues to detect predatory fish

1987 • 394 citations

Time Budgeting and Group Size: A Test of Theory

1979 • 386 citations

A Determination of the Energetic Equivalence of the Risk of Predation

1989 • 384 citations

Vigilance and group size in ostriches

1980 • 381 citations

The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents

1988 • 381 citations

Behavioural interactions between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density

1989 • 374 citations

Predation and Resource Partitioning in Two Sunfishes (Centrarchidae)

1984 • 373 citations

Water-borne stimuli released by predatory crabs and damaged prey induce more predator-resistant shells in a marine gastropod

1988 • 371 citations

Animal decision making and its ecological consequences: the future of aquatic ecology and behaviour

1987 • 366 citations

Foraging-efficiency-predation-risk trade-off in the grey squirrel

1985 • 361 citations

Antipredator Responses and the Perception of Danger by Mosquito Larvae

1986 • 343 citations

Dynamic models in behavioural and evolutionary ecology

1988 • 334 citations

Flock feeding and time budgets in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.)

1980 • 330 citations

Risk of predation and the feeding behavior of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1984 • 329 citations

Vigilance Behaviour in Grazing African Antelopes

1982 • 318 citations

Maximizing feeding efficiency and minimizing time exposed to predators: a trade-off in the black-capped chickadee

1985 • 317 citations

On the advantage of being different: Nest predation and the coexistence of bird species

1988 • 304 citations

Theory of oviposition strategy of parasitoids. I. Effect of mortality and limited egg number

1984 • 288 citations

Sunfish, salmon, and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fish

1984 • 282 citations

Vigilance while feeding and its relation to the risk of predation

1987 • 268 citations

The influence of predation risk on the feeding motivation and foraging strategy of juvenile Atlantic salmon

1987 • 250 citations

The scanning behavior of juncos: A game-theoretical approach

1982 • 247 citations

Exposure and time use in willow tit flocks: the cost of subordination

1987 • 241 citations

The effects of habitat on the vigilance of shorebirds: Is visibility important?

1984 • 237 citations

Predator Avoidance in Seagrass Meadows: Prey Behavior, Microhabitat Selection, and Cryptic Coloration

1987 • 232 citations

Time Budgeting and Group Size: A Theory

1979 • 231 citations

Complementary Approaches to the Understanding of Parasitoid Oviposition Decisions

1985 • 227 citations

Social rank and habitat use in willow tit groups

1984 • 225 citations

A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy

1988 • 224 citations

Analyzing Shapes of Foraging Areas: Some Ecological and Economic Theories

1976 • 222 citations

The Combined Effects of Predation Risk and Food Reward on Patch Selection

1988 • 215 citations

Dominance, Predation, and Optimal Foraging in White‐Throated Sparrow Flocks

1984 • 214 citations

Group size, foraging, and antipredator ploys: An analysis of bighorn sheep decisions

1978 • 204 citations

Dicing with death: predator inspection behaviour in minnow shoals

1986 • 204 citations

Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris : Firefly Femmes Fatales

1965 • 199 citations

Information Transfer across Fish Shoals under Predator Threat

1988 • 198 citations

Evolutionary Significance of Predation on Sexually Signalling Males

1982 • 197 citations

Predation and Risk in Foraging Minnows: Balancing Conflicting Demands

1983 • 196 citations

Algae-grazing minnows (Campostoma anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp.), and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream

1983 • 195 citations

Complex predator-prey interactions and predator intimidation among crayfish, piscivorous fish, and small benthic fish

1988 • 195 citations

Effects of Moonlight on Microhabitat Use by Desert Rodents

1984 • 193 citations

Selective Predation of Ephippal Daphnia and the Resistance of Ephippal Eggs to Digestion

1975 • 191 citations

Vigilant Behaviour and Shoal Size in Minnows

1985 • 187 citations

The effect of respiratory mode and oxygen concentration on the risk of aerial predation in fishes

1983 • 187 citations

Gecko phonotaxis to cricket calling song: A case of satellite predation

1984 • 187 citations

Predation risk and inter-population variation in antipredator behaviour in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

1984 • 180 citations

Feeding under predation hazard: response of the guppy and Hart's rivulus from sites with contrasting predation hazard

1987 • 179 citations

Influence of predation risk on diet selection: a simple example in the grey squirrel

1986 • 176 citations

Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks

1984 • 175 citations

Sparrows and a brushpile: Foraging responses to different combinations of predation risk and energy cost

1982 • 175 citations

Group foraging in wild brown hares: effects of resource distribution and social status

1985 • 174 citations

Aggressive Chemical Mimicry by a Bolas Spider

1977 • 173 citations

Inverse Relationship Between Temperature and Shyness in the Lizard Anolis Lineatopus

1964 • 170 citations

Vertical Migration of Zooplankton: A Game Between Predator and Prey

1982 • 167 citations

The influence of distance to refuge on flight initiation distance in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)

1989 • 166 citations

Shared and unshared parental investment, parent-offspring conflict and brood size

1986 • 166 citations

Avian Time Budgets and Distance to Cover

1980 • 164 citations

THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE GUPPY, POECILIA RETICULATA (PISCES: POECILIIDAE)

1975 • 159 citations

Feeding and Avoiding Predation Hazard: the Behavioral Response of the Prey

1986 • 157 citations

Optimal foraging of sticklebacks on swarming prey

1979 • 156 citations

Predation risk and vigilance in the blue tit (Parus caeruleus)

1983 • 156 citations

Risk taking in parasitized sticklebacks under threat of predation: effects of energetic need and food availability

1988 • 154 citations

Optimal Foraging, Predation Risk and Territory Defence

2002 • 152 citations

Predator model recognition and response habituation in shoaling minnows

1986 • 152 citations

Habitat, Group Size, and the Behaviour of White-Tailed Deer

1986 • 145 citations

Predator Avoidance and Diel Patterns of Microhabitat Use by Larval Tiger Salamanders

1986 • 142 citations

Interactions Between Intraspecific Competition and Predation in an Amphibian Predator-Prey System

1986 • 132 citations

MALE‐MEDIATED AGGREGATION OF MALE, FEMALE AND 5_TH‐INSTAR SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUGS¹ AND CONCOMITANT ATTRACTION OF A TACHINID PARASITE, TRICHOPODA PENNIPES²

1980 • 130 citations

Amphipod Amplexus, The Significance of Ecotypic Variation

1973 • 129 citations

Strong Effects of Foraging Minnows on a Stream Benthic Invertebrate Community

1989 • 128 citations

Flocking and predator surveillance in house sparrows: Test of an hypothesis

1981 • 128 citations

Predator avoidance, microhabitat shift, and risk-sensitive foraging in larval dragonflies

1988 • 128 citations

Moon-related surface activity of bannertail (Dipodomys spectabilis) and fresno (D. Nitratoides) kangaroo rats

1974 • 127 citations

Moonlight Avoidance Behavior in Leach's Storm-Petrels as a Defense against Slaty-Backed Gulls

1986 • 127 citations

Predation on Birds' Nests in Relation to Antipredator Aggression and Nest Density: An Experimental Study

1975 • 126 citations

Antipredator Benefits of Schooling Behaviour in a Cyprinodontid Fish, the Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus)

1985 • 124 citations

The Problem of Vigilance in Animal Life

1974 • 124 citations

Nest defense and central place foraging: A model and experiment

1982 • 123 citations

Predator inspection behaviour in minnow shoals: differences between populations and individuals

1986 • 122 citations

The effect of colony size on individual alertness of prairie dogs (Sciuridae: Cynomys spp.)

1979 • 122 citations

Influence of position in the flock and flock size on vigilance in the starling, Sturnus vulgaris

1980 • 116 citations

Sex-biased predation and the risky mate-locating behaviour of male tick-tock cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

1987 • 116 citations

Odd fish abandon mixed-species groups when threatened

1985 • 115 citations

Relationship of Escape Behavior and Camouflage in Anoline Lizards

1968 • 114 citations

Effects of size on predation risk, behavioural response to fish, and cost of reduced feeding in larval Ischnura verticalis (Coenagrionidae: Odonata)

1988 • 114 citations

Dominance and anti-predator behaviour in blue tits (Parus caeruleus)

1985 • 114 citations

Risk of predation, hydrodynamic efficiency and their influence on school structure

1985 • 112 citations

The influence of lunar light on nocturnal activity of the old-field mouse

1989 • 111 citations

Distance-to-cover and the escape decisions of an African cichlid fish, Melanochromis chipokae

1990 • 110 citations

The evolutionary ecology of respiratory mode in fishes: an analysis based on the costs of breathing

1984 • 109 citations

Coordinated Vigilance in Dwarf Mongoose Family Groups: The ‘Watchman's Song’ Hypothesis and the Costs of Guarding

1986 • 109 citations

Group Vigilance and Shoal Size in a Small Characin Fish

1988 • 108 citations

Seed Removal Experiments on Desert Rodents: The Microhabitat by Moonlight Effect

1988 • 108 citations

Reproductive Costs in Two Sex-Role Reversed Pipefish Species (Syngnathidae)

1988 • 107 citations

Vigilance and scanning patterns in birds

1984 • 105 citations

Species‐specific factors affecting predator‐prey interactions of the copepod Acanthocyclops vernalis with its natural prey

1979 • 103 citations

Interactions between fish and salamander larvae

1987 • 102 citations

Synchronous Air Breathing, A Social Component of Respiration in Fishes

1976 • 102 citations

Habitat Use and Fish Avoidance Behaviors by the Stream-Dwelling Isopod Lirceus fontinalis

1988 • 101 citations

Predation as a Selective Force on Foraging Herons: Effects of Plumage Color and Flocking

1986 • 101 citations

Patch selection by juvenile black surfperch (Embiotocidae) under variable risk: Interactive influence of food quality and structural complexity

1985 • 100 citations

Escape Behaviour and Use of Cover by Young-of-the-Year Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1987 • 100 citations

An anti-predator response in the great tit (Parus major): Is it tuned to predator risk?

1983 • 100 citations

The Behavioural Dynamics of Great Tits (Parus major) Approaching a Predator

1985 • 99 citations

Vigilance, flock size and domain of danger size in the White-fronted Goose

1978 • 99 citations

Cannibalism as the cause of an ontogenetic shift in habitat use by fry of the threespine stickleback

1988 • 99 citations

Dominance and anti‐predator behaviour of Great Tits Parus major: a field study

1985 • 98 citations

Selective predation and habitat shift in a copepod species — support for the predation hypothesis

1983 • 97 citations

Group Size and Vigilance in Pronghorns

2010 • 97 citations

Cost of Mating for Female Insects: Risk of Predation in Photinus collustrans (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

1988 • 97 citations

False Alarm Calls as a Means of Resource Usurpation in the Great Tit Parus major

1988 • 96 citations

The cost of copepod reproduction: increased susceptibility to fish predation

1983 • 96 citations

Predation risk and habitat selection in the persistence of a remnant caribou population

1988 • 94 citations

Risk of parasitism and microhabitat selection in juvenile sticklebacks

1989 • 94 citations

Evasive behaviour of a frog in response to bat predation

1982 • 94 citations

The pursuit deterrent function of tail-wagging in the zebra-tailed lizard (Callisaurus draconoides)

1989 • 93 citations

Survival and Mortality in a Population of Adelie Penguins

1980 • 92 citations

A risk-balancing trade off between foraging rewards and predation hazard in a shoaling fish

1988 • 91 citations

Predator avoidance and school size in a cyprinodontid fish, the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus Lesueur)

1985 • 90 citations

Vigilance and Perception of Flock Size in Foraging House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus L.)

1984 • 90 citations

Predatory Risk to Insects Foraging at Flowers

1986 • 87 citations

Estrous Mice and Vulnerability to Weasel Predation

1985 • 86 citations

Protective Cover and the Use of Space by Finches: Is Closer Better?

1987 • 85 citations

Response to Predation by Colonies of the Florida Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex Badius

1974 • 84 citations

Shoaling and kin recognition in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

1988 • 81 citations

Effects of Predation Hazard on Foraging "Constraints": Patch-Use Strategies in Grey Squirrels

1988 • 81 citations

Foraging, predation hazard and patch use in grey squirrels

1987 • 80 citations

Predator risk affects foraging behaviour of pikas: observational and experimental evidence

1991 • 80 citations

COLCONDAMYIA AUDITRIX NOV. SP. (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE), A PARASITE WHICH IS ATTRACTED BY THE MATING SONG OF ITS HOST, OKANAGANA RIMOSA (HOMOPTERA: CICADIDAE)

1976 • 79 citations

Foraging range in mice and voles: the role of risk

1986 • 78 citations

Balancing risks? Responses and non-responses of mayfly larvae to fish and stonefly predators

1988 • 78 citations

Distance to Cover and Fleeing from Predators in Fish with Different Amounts of Defensive Armour

1989 • 75 citations

Reproductive Costs in the Prawn Palaemon adspersus: Effects on Growth and Predator Vulnerability

1986 • 74 citations

Dominance and social foraging: a laboratory study

1989 • 72 citations

When should chickadees hoard food? Theory and experimental results

1991 • 72 citations

Harbour seal grouping as an anti-predator strategy

1988 • 69 citations

Species segregation during predator evasion in cyprinid fish shoals

1986 • 67 citations

Vigilance Patterns of Bald Eagles Feeding in Groups

1986 • 67 citations

Carrying food items to cover for consumption: the behavior of ten bird species feeding under the risk of predation

1987 • 66 citations

Use of cover and the need to breathe: the effects of hypoxia on vulnerability of dwarf gouramis to predatory snakeheads

1987 • 66 citations

The effects of predators on habitat use, activity and mating behaviour of a semi-aquatic bug

1988 • 66 citations

Foraging and Predation Risk in Yellow-Bellied Marmots

1986 • 65 citations

An Analysis of Vigilance in the Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica)

1985 • 65 citations

Social influences on vigilance in rabbits

1988 • 65 citations

Predation Risk and Foraging in Juvenile Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)

1988 • 64 citations

MATE CHOICE IN HYLOBITTACUS APICALIS (INSECTA: MECOPTERA) AND ITS RELATION TO SOME MODELS OF FEMALE CHOICE

1980 • 62 citations

The costs of reduced feeding due to predator avoidance: potential effects on growth and fitness in Ischnura elegans larvae (Odonata: Zygoptera)

1986 • 62 citations

Predation and Antipredator Behavior at Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock Leks

1987 • 62 citations

Selective Pressures on Clutch Size in the Gall Maker Asteromyia Carbonifera

1983 • 61 citations

The effect of hunger, shoal size and the presence of a predator on shoal cohesiveness in bluntnose minnows, Pimephales notatus Rafinesque

1988 • 61 citations

Competition for perches between larval damselflies: the influence of perch use on feeding efficiency, growth rate and predator avoidance

1988 • 61 citations

Evidence for crypsis in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), parr: substrate colour preference and achromatic reflectance

1984 • 60 citations

Effects of refuge availability on the responses of salamander larvae to chemical cues from predatory green sunfish

1991 • 59 citations

Changes in foraging as a response to predation risk in two gobiid fish species, Pomatoschistus minutus and Gobius niger

1988 • 57 citations

Effects of Predation Risk and Parasitism on the Feeding Ecology, Habitat Use, and Abondance of Lacustrine Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

1988 • 57 citations

The economic logic of barnacle Balanus glandula (Darwin) hiding behavior

1991 • 57 citations

Some ecological consequences of fish school volumes

1980 • 56 citations

Effects of Illumination on the Rate of Resource Harvesting in a Community of Desert Rodents

1984 • 56 citations

Microhabitat selection as an antipredator strategy in the aquatic insect Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister (Odonata: Libellulidae)

1987 • 53 citations

Relationships between group size, feeding time, and agonistic behavior of mountain goats

1985 • 53 citations

Respiratory patterns and antipredator responses in the central mudminnow, Umbra limi, a continuous, facultative, air-breathing fish

1980 • 50 citations

Territoriality and Flocking by Buff-Breasted Sandpipers: Variations in Non-Breeding Dispersion

1980 • 49 citations

VIGILANCE AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING FLOCK FORMATION AMONG CURLEWS NUMENIUS ARQUATA

1979 • 48 citations

Vigilance levels in preening Dunlin Calidris alpina

1988 • 48 citations

Differential effects of largemouth and smallmouth bass on habitat use by stoneroller minnows in stream pools

1988 • 43 citations

Distribution of the Stonefly Nymph Paragnetina media (Plecoptera:Perlidae): Influence of Prey, Predators, Current Speed, and Substrate Composition

1986 • 42 citations

The Use of Foraging Areas by Yellow-Bellied Marmots

1985 • 42 citations

Brood Movements in Grouse and Waders as Defence against Winstay Search in Their Predators

1985 • 42 citations

Partial prey consumption by antlion larvae

1985 • 42 citations

Peregrine falcon and merlin predation on small shorebirds and passerines in Alberta

1988 • 41 citations

Age-dependent vigilance in winter aggregations of cooperatively breeding white-winged choughs (Corcorax melanorhamphos)

1987 • 40 citations

Dominance-Specific Vigilance in the Tufted Titmouse: Effects of Social Context

1987 • 39 citations

The effect of hypoxia on the vulnerability of guppies (Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae) to an aquatic predator (Astronotus ocellatus, Cichlidae)

1987 • 39 citations

Sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus affect the spacing behaviour of wintering Turnstone Arenaria interpres and Redshank Tringa tetanus

1988 • 38 citations

Differential Use of Experimental Habitat Patches by Foraging Peromyscus maniculatus on Dark and Bright Nights

1988 • 37 citations

Nonrandom Provisioning by the Digger Wasp, Palmodes laeviventris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

1983 • 37 citations

The Influence of Mortality on the Behaviour That Maximizes Reproductive Success in a Patchy Environment

1986 • 36 citations

Energy, predators and the behavior of feeding hummingbirds

1991 • 35 citations

Survivorship in Hummingbirds: Is Predation Important?

1985 • 35 citations

The detection of certain predators via olfaction by small-mouthed salamander larvae (Ambystoma texanum)

1988 • 34 citations

Feeding motivation and response to predation risk in Atlantic salmon parr adopting different life history strategies

1988 • 34 citations

Competition between hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): genetic variation for agonistic behaviour in newly-emerged wild fry

1991 • 33 citations

Gulls and plovers

1985 • 32 citations

Vigilance Behaviour in White‐browed Sparrow‐weavers Plocepasser mahali

1987 • 32 citations

Dominance, Foraging and Predation Risk in the Tufted Titmouse

1987 • 31 citations

Experimental analysis of predation on the diel vertical migrations of a larval salamander

1987 • 30 citations

The effect of apparent predation risk on the respiratory behavior of the Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus)

1986 • 30 citations

Seasonal crayfish activity as influenced by fluctuating water levels and presence of a fish predator

1987 • 30 citations

Influence of Social and Predatory Stimuli on the Air-Breathing Behavior of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

1983 • 29 citations

Scanning, pecking and alarm flights in house sparrows

1986 • 29 citations

FLOCKING AS A POSSIBLE PREDATOR DEFENSE IN DARK-EYED JUNCOS

1980 • 28 citations

Feeding rates, search paths, and surveillance for predators in great-tailed grackle flocks

1977 • 28 citations

Factors Influencing the Microdistribution of Two Sympatric Species of Plecoptera: An Experimental Study

1986 • 27 citations

The group size – flight distance relationship in water striders (Gerris remigis)

1987 • 27 citations

Life-history strategies of optimal foragers

1983 • 26 citations

Habitat Selection: Do Passerines Nest in Association with Lapwings Vanellus vanellus as Defence against Predators?

1982 • 26 citations

Alternative mating tactics in male white-faced dragonflies (Leucorrhinia intacta): plasticity of tactical options and consequences for reproductive success

1988 • 25 citations

Colony Energy Requirements Affect Response to Predation Risk in Foraging Bumble Bees

1991 • 25 citations

Population variation and behavioral changes in two pagurids in association with the sea anemone Calliactistricolor (Lesueur)

1986 • 24 citations

Vigilance and Group Size in Homo sapiens

1986 • 24 citations

Foraging behaviour of Lesser Sheathbills Chionis minor exploiting invertebrates on a sub-Antarctic island

1982 • 23 citations

Behavioral responses of a herbivorous calanoid copepod to the presence of other zooplankton

1986 • 23 citations

Flexible responses to predators in a marine fish

1991 • 23 citations

Flock size and habitat-dependent food and energy intake of foraging Goldfinches

1986 • 21 citations

Effects of fish on feeding and growth of larval Ischnura verticalis (Coenagrionidae: Odonata)

1987 • 20 citations

Early warning and mixed species association: the ‘Plover's Page’ revisited

1985 • 18 citations

The school behavior of Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel) in relation to ambient space and the presence of a pike (Esox lucius)

1980 • 18 citations

Age‐Related Microhabitat Segregation in Willow Tit Parus montanus Winter Flocks

2000 • 17 citations

Predator-Induced Changes in Thermoregulation of Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, from a Thermally Altered Reservoir

1987 • 17 citations

The short-term effects of perch predation on a zooplankton prey community

1986 • 17 citations

On the Deadly Risk of Predator Harassment

1986 • 17 citations

Vigilance Patterns in Humans

1988 • 17 citations

Sex Differences in Risk-Taking Behavior in Foraging Flocks of House Sparrows

1989 • 14 citations

Risky Business: On the Ecological Relevance of Risk-Sensitive Foraging

1986 • 14 citations

Changes in Scanning and Feeding Rates with Group Size among American Goldfinches

1986 • 10 citations

Predator–prey interactions in a stream: a combined field and laboratory study of Paragnetina media (Plecoptera) and Hydropsyche sparna (Trichoptera)

1987 • 10 citations

Numerical and Escape Responses of Foraging Teals <I>Anas crecca</I> to Predation Risk

1987 • 6 citations

Sleeping gulls and predator avoidance

1984 • 5 citations

Vigilance, group size, and security in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)

1986 • 2 citations