Enzyme Polymorphism and Biosystematics: The Hypothesis of Selective Neutrality

Genetic Distance between Populations

1972 • 9,734 citations

EVOLUTION IN MENDELIAN POPULATIONS

1931 • 8,698 citations

Construction of Phylogenetic Trees

1967 • 3,637 citations

Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level

1968 • 3,608 citations

Evolution in Changing Environments

2020 • 3,476 citations

THE NUMBER OF ALLELES THAT CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A FINITE POPULATION

1964 • 2,659 citations

The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles

1972 • 2,158 citations

Non-Darwinian Evolution

1969 • 1,731 citations

Genetic Equilibrium When More Than One Ecological Niche is Available

1953 • 1,327 citations

A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. II. AMOUNT OF VARIATION AND DEGREE OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

1966 • 1,189 citations

DISTRIBUTION OF GENE FREQUENCY AS A TEST OF THE THEORY OF THE SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY OF POLYMORPHISMS

1973 • 1,181 citations

ENZYME VARIABILITY IN THE DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI GROUP. IV. GENIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI

1972 • 823 citations

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

1971 • 784 citations

A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. I. THE NUMBER OF ALLELES AT DIFFERENT LOCI IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

1966 • 650 citations

Differentiation of Populations

1970 • 635 citations

The structure of cytochromec and the rates of molecular evolution

1971 • 540 citations

Protein Polymorphism as a Phase of Molecular Evolution

1971 • 512 citations

Isoelectric focusing of proteins in polyacrylamide gels

1972 • 483 citations

Theory of Fitness in a Heterogeneous Environment. I. The Fitness Set and Adaptive Function

1962 • 459 citations

A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS IV. PATTERNS OF GENIC VARIATION IN CENTRAL, MARGINAL AND ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

1969 • 438 citations

Evolutionary divergence among adjacent plant populations I. The evidence and its theoretical analysis

1966 • 430 citations

PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF CYTOCHROME C

1963 • 419 citations

Density‐Dependent Natural Selection

1971 • 397 citations

Population structure and human evolution

1966 • 365 citations

On the constancy of the evolutionary rate of cistrons

1971 • 318 citations

PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM AND GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN TWO EUROPEAN SUBSPECIES OF THE HOUSE MOUSE

1969 • 297 citations

Enzyme Polymorphism and Metabolism

1974 • 284 citations

Fitting Discrete Probability Distributions to Evolutionary Events

1971 • 277 citations

Some of the Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Plant

1972 • 248 citations

A profile of Drosophila species' enzymes assayed by electrophoresis. I. Number of alleles, heterozygosities, and linkage disequilibrium in glucose-metabolizing systems and some other enzymes

1970 • 245 citations

Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment

1971 • 240 citations

PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM AND GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY IN A WILD POPULATION OF THE HOUSE MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS)

1969 • 234 citations

Allozymes as Diagnostic Characters of Sibling Species of Drosophila

1972 • 213 citations

Esterase Heterogeneity: Dynamics of a Polymorphism

1969 • 207 citations

Population size and rate of evolution

1972 • 205 citations

The degree of polymorphisms in enzymes involved in energy production compared to that in nonspecific enzymes in two Drosophila ananassae populations.

1968 • 203 citations

Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. VI. Frequency-property-environment relationships of allelic alcohol dehydrogenases in D. melanogaster

1973 • 193 citations

GENETIC VARIATION IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB ( LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS ), A PHYLOGENETIC “RELIC”

1970 • 191 citations

Pattern of neutral polymorphism in a geographically structured population

1971 • 187 citations

Average heterozygosity per locus in man: an estimate based on the incidence of enzyme polymorphisms

1972 • 185 citations

Enzyme Flexibility in Drosophila melanogaster

1970 • 183 citations

THE NUMBER OF BALANCED POLYMORPHISMS THAT CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A NATURAL POPULATION

1967 • 172 citations

Darwinian Evolution of Proteins

1970 • 163 citations

Density-dependent selection

2004 • 163 citations

A NEW APPROACH TO MEASURING GENETIC SIMILARITY

1971 • 162 citations

The effects of a heterogeneous environment on the genetics of natural populations.

1971 • 159 citations

Functional Organization of Genetic Material as a Product of Molecular Evolution

1971 • 155 citations

Protein Variation and Systematics in Kangaroo Rats (Genus Dipodomys)

1971 • 151 citations

Enzymatically active conformers of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase.

1966 • 133 citations

Phosphoglucose isomerase gene duplication in the bony fishes: An evolutionary history

1973 • 130 citations

RAPID POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN A MOSAIC ENVIRONMENT. II. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION INANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM

1972 • 125 citations

Genetics of Isozyme Variants in Barley. I. Esterases¹

1970 • 125 citations

HETEROSIS AS A MAJOR CAUSE OF HETEROZYGOSITY IN NATURE

1967 • 124 citations

ENZYME VARIABILITY IN THE DROSOPHILA WILLISTONI GROUP. III. AMOUNTS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SUPERSPECIES, D. PAULISTORUM

1972 • 121 citations

Linkage analyses using biochemical variants in mice. III. Linkage relationships of eleven biochemical markers

1970 • 111 citations

A Molecular Basis for Heterosis

1969 • 110 citations

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND SIMILARITY IN THE ANOLIS LIZARDS OF BIMINI

1972 • 109 citations

Amino-acid Sequences of Kangaroo Myoglobin and Haemoglobin and the Date of Marsupial-Eutherian Divergence

1971 • 105 citations

Structural and Functional Aspects of Cytochrome c in Relation to Evolution

1965 • 103 citations

POPULATION GENETICS OF MARINE PELECYPODS. II. GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN MICROHABITATS OF MODIOLUS DEMISSUS

1973 • 103 citations

Isoelectric Heterogeneity of Bovine Plasma Albumin

1971 • 102 citations

Review Lecture Disruptive selection

1972 • 101 citations

Biochemical polymorphisms in feral and inbred mice (Mus musculus)

1971 • 101 citations

The Maintenance of Genetic Polymorphism in a Spatially Heterogeneous Environment: Variations on a Theme by Howard Levene

1966 • 100 citations

Random Drift and the Shifting Balance Theory of Evolution

1970 • 99 citations

Geographic Distribution and Enzymatic Properties of Lactate Dehydrogenase Allozymes in the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

1972 • 97 citations

GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE DEEP SEA: RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY

1972 • 96 citations

Studies on the Isolation of the Multiple Molecular Forms of Human Plasminogen and Plasmin by Isoelectric Focusing Methods

1972 • 95 citations

A TEMPORAL SURVEY OF ALLELIC VARIATION IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1971 • 89 citations

The biochemical genetics of an island population of the house mouse

1970 • 87 citations

Multiple forms of choline acetyltransferase in several species demonstrated by isoelectric focusing

1972 • 87 citations

Polymorphic and monomorphic serum esterase heterogeneity in catostomid fish populations

1967 • 86 citations

Analysis of Human Evolution Under Random Genetic Drift

1964 • 85 citations

The catabolism of long chain fatty acids in mammalian tissues.

1968 • 81 citations

Analytic review: some current problems of human population genetics.

1973 • 81 citations

Species of Drosophila

1972 • 80 citations

Albumin Evolution in Frogs: A Test of the Evolutionary Clock Hypothesis

1971 • 78 citations

Esterase Enzyme Function and Genetical Structure of Populations of the Freshwater Fish, Notropis stramineus

1971 • 78 citations

Electrophoretic heterogeneity of mouse erythrocyte peptidases

1969 • 74 citations

EVOLUTIONARY VARIABILITY OF CYTOCHROME C PRIMARY STRUCTURES

1968 • 72 citations

Genic Variation in Hybridizing Populations of Gophers (Genus Thomomys)

1972 • 72 citations

Estimation of evolutionary changes in certain homologous polypeptide chains

1972 • 71 citations

Population size and protein variation in man

1972 • 70 citations

GENETIC DISTANCE AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN THEDROSOPHILA OBSCURAGROUP

1972 • 70 citations

MEASUREMENT OF FITNESS AT THE ESTERASE-5 LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

1971 • 68 citations

Genetic Relationships of Unisexual-Hybrid Fishes to Their Progenitors Using Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes as Gene Markers (Poeciliopsis, poeciliidae)

1972 • 68 citations

Hemoglobin Adaptation for Fast and Slow Water Habitats in Sympatric Catostomid Fishes

1972 • 66 citations

Isozyme genotype-environment relationships in natural populations of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, from Texas

1969 • 66 citations

GENIC VARIATION IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF Drosophila persimilis

1969 • 65 citations

Evidence for the Neutral Hypothesis of Protein Polymorphism

1972 • 64 citations

Enzyme variability in theDrosophila willistoniGroup. V. Genic variation in natural populations ofDrosophila equinoxialis

1972 • 63 citations

The effects of stochastic environments on allele frequencies in natural populations

1972 • 62 citations

Evolutionary Clock: Nonconstancy of Rate in Different Species

1972 • 62 citations

Possible Rates of Gene Substitution in Evolution

1968 • 60 citations

How many genes evolve?

1970 • 60 citations

Enzyme variability in the Drosophila willistoni group. VI. Levels of polymorphism and the physiological function of enzymes

1972 • 60 citations

GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA OBSCURA

1971 • 59 citations

Restricted Variation in the Glycolytic Enzymes of Human Brain and Erythrocytes

1973 • 58 citations

On the Biological Significance of the Cost of Gene Substitution

1971 • 57 citations

Thin-layer isoelectric focusing for haemoglobin screening and its application to haemoglobin Malmö

1972 • 57 citations

A rapid method for isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel

1972 • 56 citations

The soluble citric acid cycle enzymes of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Genetics and ontogeny of NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase

1971 • 56 citations

Amino Acid Composition of Proteins as a Product of Molecular Evolution

1971 • 56 citations

Esterase Polymorphism in Natural Populations of a Sulfur Butterfly, Colias eurytheme

1967 • 56 citations

Multiple forms of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase

1972 • 54 citations

Evidence of Heterosis Associated with an Enzyme Locus in a Natural Population of Drosophila

1970 • 54 citations

ALLOZYME GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS. I. VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PACHEA

1973 • 54 citations

GENE FREQUENCIES IN A MARINE ECTOPROCT: A CLINE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS RELATED TO SEA TEMPERATURE

1971 • 53 citations

Partial characterization of the sialic acid-free forms of α1-acid glycoprotein from human plasma

1967 • 50 citations

FITNESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION. 1. A STUDY OF SOME POLYMORPHIC POPULATIONS OFDROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA

1963 • 49 citations

The Maintenance of Transferrin Polymorphism in Pigeons

1972 • 49 citations

The principal component analysis of genotype-environmental interactions and physical measures of the environment

1972 • 48 citations

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase inDrosophila melanogaster: Starch gel electrophoretic variation due to molecular instability

1968 • 47 citations

Heterozygous advantage as a likely general basis for enzyme polymorphisms

1972 • 47 citations

BOVINE TRANSFERRINS: SIALIC ACID AND THE COMPLEX PHENOTYPE

1967 • 45 citations

Modes of variation in alcohol dehydrogenase inDrosophila melanogaster

1971 • 44 citations

Genic variation in marginal populations of Drosophila subobscura

2009 • 43 citations

Theory of Zone Electrophoresis of Reversibly Interacting Systems

1965 • 43 citations

Selectively neutral mutations, transferrins and the evolution of natricine snakes

1971 • 42 citations

Non-Darwinian Evolution: Consequences for Neutral Allelic Variation

1969 • 40 citations

The Dilemma of Nearly Neutral Mutations: How Important Are They For Evolution and Human Welfare?

1972 • 40 citations

Polymorphism and protein evolution. The neutral mutation-random drift hypothesis.

1971 • 38 citations

Geographical Uniformity of Protein Polymorphisms

1973 • 36 citations

Instability of pH gradients in isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel

1972 • 36 citations

Esterase Polymorphism in the Butterfly Hemiargus isola Stability in a Variable Environment

1971 • 35 citations

GENETIC EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURE IN POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1970 • 35 citations

Boric Acid-induced Heterogeneity of Conalbumin by Starch-gel Electrophoresis

1963 • 35 citations

Ecological Factors and the Variability of Gene-Pools in Drosophila

1970 • 33 citations

Multiple enzyme forms from protein-bromphenol blue interaction during gel electrophoresis

1972 • 33 citations

ISOZYME FREQUENCY PATTERNS IN DROSOPHILA PAVANI ASSOCIATED WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIABLES

1972 • 33 citations

BEHAVIOR OF NEUTRAL MUTANTS INFLUENCED BY ASSOCIATED OVERDOMINANT LOCI IN FINITE POPULATIONS

1971 • 33 citations

De Novo mutation-like events observed at the 6PGD locus of the Japanese quail, and the principle of polymorphism breeding more polymorphism

1969 • 33 citations

Metabolic Implications of Polymorphism as an Adaptive Strategy

1971 • 31 citations

Natural Selection and Genetic Drift in Protein Polymorphism

1972 • 31 citations

CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISM IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

1972 • 30 citations

Polymorphism of Human Enzyme Proteins

1971 • 30 citations

STUDIES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OFMUS. V. A SURVEY OF NINE LOCI FOR POLYMORPHISMS

1969 • 30 citations

Some invariant properties of a geographically structured finite population: distribution of heterozygotes under irreversible mutation

1972 • 29 citations

How Genetic Background Masks Single-Gene Heterosis in Drosophila

1972 • 28 citations

PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM IN MAN

1971 • 27 citations

On the hypothesis that polymorphic enzyme alleles are selectively neutral. I. The evenness of allele frequency distribution

1973 • 26 citations

Evidence that Enzyme Polymorphisms are not Selectively Neutral

1972 • 25 citations

Comparison of different techniques for isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs using bacterial asparaginases

1972 • 24 citations

Anomalous behaviour of yeast isocitrate dehydrogenase during isoelectric focusing

1972 • 24 citations

ISOZYME VARIATIONS IN AEGILOPS AND TRITICUM. I. ESTERASE ISOZYMES IN AEGILOPS STUDIED USING THE GEL ISOELECTROFOCUSING METHOD

1971 • 23 citations

Analysis of Enzyme Variation in Natural Populations of the Butterfly Colias eurytheme

1971 • 23 citations

GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SEMISPECIES OFDROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM

1972 • 23 citations

Natural Selection and Mutation Rates in Mammals

1970 • 23 citations

Evidence of Natural Selection in Molecular Evolution

1973 • 22 citations

Extraordinary Incidence of Electrophoretically Silent Genetic Polymorphisms

1972 • 21 citations

Analytical scanning isoelectrofocusing

1971 • 21 citations

The Ecological Genetics of Drosophila

1972 • 21 citations

Allotypes of isozymes of rabbit α1-aryl esterase. Allelic products with different enzymic activities for the same substrates

1969 • 20 citations

TWO OR MORE ELECTROPHORETIC ZONES FROM A SINGLE MACROMOLECULE*

1968 • 20 citations

Esterase polymorphism inAedes aegypti:the genetics and K_mvalues of electrophoretically heterogeneous forms

1972 • 19 citations

Electrophoretic Behavior of Normal Human Serum Albumin at pH 4.0

1960 • 19 citations

Genetic Variants of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Human Erythrocytes: Unique Properties of the A ^- Variant Isolated from “Deficient” Cells

1972 • 17 citations

Some current problems of human population genetics

1973 • 17 citations

Does the fixation of neutral mutations form a significant part of observed evolution in proteins?

1972 • 14 citations

Analysis of Neutrality in Protein Polymorphism

1974 • 13 citations

Hemolymph proteins of healthy and diseased larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica

1968 • 13 citations

Esterase Polymorphism in a Natural Population of Anopheles punctipennis

1971 • 12 citations

Biochemistry and Taxonomy

1968 • 12 citations

Bound TPN as the determinant of polymorphism in methemoglobin reductase

1971 • 11 citations

GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF TRUNCATION SELECTION AT THE PHENOTYPIC LEVEL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1972 • 10 citations

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF POPULATION DIFFERENCES IN ALLELIC FREQUENCIES

1972 • 10 citations

A note on the hypothesis: Protein polymorphism as a phase of molecular evolution

1972 • 10 citations

Recent advances in the theory and practice of electrophoresis

1968 • 9 citations

The Theory of Transport of Interacting Systems of Biological Macromolecules

1968 • 9 citations

Electrofocusing Properties of Pig Phosphorylase Isozymes

1972 • 9 citations

Specific Differences in Maize Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Possible Explanation of Heterosis at the Molecular Level

1973 • 9 citations

ESTERASE POLYMORPHISM IN A NATURAL POPULATION OFANOPHELES PUNCTIPENNIS. II. ANALYSIS OF THEEST-CSYSTEM

1971 • 8 citations

Polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing and the ampholyte shift

1972 • 8 citations

Limits on Heterozygous Advantage As an Explanation of Polymorphism

1969 • 8 citations

Evidence for nonrandom multiplicity of gene products in 22 plant genera

1971 • 7 citations

GENETIC LOAD DUE TO MUTATIONS WITH VERY SMALL EFFECTS

1971 • 6 citations

Another View of Neutral Alleles in Natural Populations

1973 • 6 citations

Isoelectric Fractionation of the Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase and Resolution of the Purified Enzyme into Isoenzymes.

1972 • 5 citations

Nongenetic determinants of human serum esterases.

1972 • 3 citations

[Mutation and evolution at the molecular level].

1972 • 1 citations

Isoenzymes in the study of wild populations

1970 • 1 citations