How to Control for Many Covariates? Reliable Estimators Based on the Propensity Score

The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects

1983 • 26,882 citations

Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis

2018 • 15,477 citations

How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?

2004 • 9,457 citations

Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies.

1974 • 8,622 citations

Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion

2009 • 8,058 citations

The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models

1976 • 5,019 citations

Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies

2002 • 4,655 citations

Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods That Incorporate the Propensity Score

1985 • 4,508 citations

Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation

2009 • 4,189 citations

Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference

2007 • 3,864 citations

Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator

1998 • 3,714 citations

The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs

1999 • 3,182 citations

Does matching overcome LaLonde's critique of nonexperimental estimators?

2004 • 3,019 citations

A Generalization of Sampling Without Replacement From a Finite Universe

1952 • 2,954 citations

Nonparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Under Exogeneity: A Review

2004 • 2,933 citations

Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach

1996 • 2,910 citations

Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects

2005 • 2,744 citations

Estimation of Regression Coefficients When Some Regressors are not Always Observed

1994 • 2,396 citations

Efficient Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Using the Estimated Propensity Score

2003 • 2,234 citations

Semiparametric Difference-in-Differences Estimators

2004 • 1,932 citations

Evaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental Data

1986 • 1,814 citations

Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models

2005 • 1,701 citations

Stratification and weighting via the propensity score in estimation of causal treatment effects: a comparative study

2004 • 1,597 citations

Design-adaptive Nonparametric Regression

1992 • 1,206 citations

Demystifying Double Robustness: A Comparison of Alternative Strategies for Estimating a Population Mean from Incomplete Data

2007 • 1,047 citations

Genetic Matching for Estimating Causal Effects: A General Multivariate Matching Method for Achieving Balance in Observational Studies

2012 • 1,046 citations

Untitled

2001 • 1,007 citations

On the Role of the Propensity Score in Efficient Semiparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects

1998 • 950 citations

Adjusting for Nonignorable Drop-Out Using Semiparametric Nonresponse Models

1999 • 944 citations

Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems

2007 • 867 citations

Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects

2009 • 853 citations

Semiparametric Efficiency in Multivariate Regression Models with Missing Data

1995 • 839 citations

Using Multivariate Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Control Bias in Observational Studies

1979 • 722 citations

The Estimation of Causal Effects by Difference-in-Difference Methods

2011 • 509 citations

Cross-Validation and the Estimation of Conditional Probability Densities

2004 • 495 citations

Evaluating the Employment Impact of a Mandatory Job Search Program

2004 • 482 citations

Propensity Score Matching Methods for Non-experimental Causal Studies

1999 • 433 citations

A Microeconometric Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Policy in Switzerland

2002 • 423 citations

Earnings and Employment Effects of Continuous Gff-the-Job Training in East Germany After Unification

1999 • 395 citations

Finite-Sample Properties of Propensity-Score Matching and Weighting Estimators

2004 • 392 citations

Estimating Exposure Effects by Modelling the Expectation of Exposure Conditional on Confounders

1992 • 379 citations

LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPONSORED TRAINING IN WEST GERMANY

2011 • 372 citations

Practical propensity score matching: a reply to Smith and Todd

2004 • 366 citations

Effects of Misspecification of the Propensity Score on Estimators of Treatment Effect

1993 • 344 citations

A method of moments interpretation of sequential estimators

1984 • 337 citations

An Evaluation of Public-Sector-Sponsored Continuous Vocational Training Programs in East Germany

2000 • 286 citations

An Introduction to the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighted Estimator

2009 • 280 citations

Irregular Identification, Support Conditions, and Inverse Weight Estimation

2010 • 243 citations

Nonparametric IV estimation of local average treatment effects with covariates

2006 • 236 citations

Long-run labour market and health effects of individual sports activities

2009 • 228 citations

Are Training Programs More Effective When Unemployment Is High?

2009 • 152 citations

Finite-Sample Variance of Local Polynomials: Analysis and Solutions

1996 • 134 citations

What Did All the Money Do? On the General Ineffectiveness of Recent West German Labour Market Programmes

2008 • 134 citations

New Evidence on the Finite Sample Properties of Propensity Score Matching and Reweighting Estimators

2009 • 130 citations

New evidence on the effects of job creation schemes in Germany—a matching approach with threefold heterogeneity

2004 • 125 citations

Evaluating the Employment Impact of a Mandatory Job Search Programme

2003 • 120 citations

Microeconometric Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Policy in Switzerland

2000 • 120 citations

Sensitivity of propensity score methods to the specifications

2007 • 113 citations

When to Control for Covariates? Panel Asymptotics for Estimates of Treatment Effects

2004 • 108 citations

The effects of vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany

2006 • 106 citations

A Note on the Common Support Problem in Applied Evaluation Studies

2008 • 95 citations

On the Specification of Propensity Scores, With Applications to the Analysis of Trade Policies

2009 • 94 citations

Active labour market policy in East Germany

2009 • 94 citations

Non-parametric regression for binary dependent variables

2006 • 86 citations

Mean-square-error Calculations for Average Treatment Effects

2005 • 79 citations

A Caseworker Like Me – Does The Similarity Between The Unemployed and Their Caseworkers Increase Job Placements?

2010 • 78 citations

Identifying effect heterogeneity to improve the efficiency of job creation schemes in Germany

2008 • 72 citations

Mean-Squared-Error Calculations for Average Treatment Effects

2006 • 66 citations

The Employment Effects of Job Creation Schemes in Germany: A Microeconometric Evaluation

2005 • 63 citations

Data Adaptive Ridging in Local Polynomial Regression

2000 • 52 citations

Does leaving welfare improve health? Evidence for Germany

2010 • 50 citations

How do the employment effects of job creation schemes differ with respect to the foregoing unemployment duration?

2009 • 45 citations

Bandwidth Selection and the Estimation of Treatment Effects with Unbalanced Data

2008 • 41 citations

Assessing the performance of matching algorithms when selection into treatment is strong

2007 • 40 citations

Sectoral Heterogeneity in the Employment Effects of Job Creation Schemes in Germany

2006 • 39 citations

Bandwidth Selection and the Estimation of Treatment Effects with Unbalanced Data

2007 • 37 citations

A comparison of treatment effects estimators using a structural model of AMI treatment choices and severity of illness information from hospital charts

2010 • 26 citations

Identifying Effect Heterogeneity to Improve the Effiency of Job Creation Schemes in Germany?

2005 • 16 citations

Unemployed and Their Caseworkers: Should They Be Friends or Foes

2007 • 15 citations

Nonparametric Tests of Conditional Treatment Effects

2009 • 14 citations

Evaluating Nonexperimental Estimators for Multiple Treatments: Evidence from Experimental Data

2009 • 12 citations

Testing for covariate balance using quantile regression and resampling methods

2011 • 10 citations

Matching Estimators and the Data from the National Supported Work Demonstration Again

2006 • 8 citations