Central control and reflex regulation of mechanical impedance: The basis for a unified motor-control scheme

Fuzzy sets

1965 • 60,040 citations

The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

1980 • 22,799 citations

The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.

1994 • 16,641 citations

The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.

1956 • 16,233 citations

Minds, brains, and programs

1980 • 5,794 citations

The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle

1938 • 5,404 citations

The co-ordination and regulation of movements

1969 • 5,206 citations

The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory

1950 • 5,058 citations

The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes

1965 • 4,415 citations

The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes.

1963 • 4,275 citations

The Integrative Action of the Nervous System.

1907 • 4,174 citations

The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory

1950 • 4,130 citations

The Geometry of Biological Time

1980 • 3,627 citations

More Is Different

1972 • 3,361 citations

The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres

1966 • 3,052 citations

Adaptive Control Processes

1961 • 2,548 citations

Synergetics, Introduction to

2009 • 2,418 citations

The Integrative Action of the Nervous System

1907 • 2,278 citations

Adaptive Control Processes: A Guided Tour.

1962 • 2,271 citations

Attention and Performance IX

1982 • 2,246 citations

Automatic control systems

1962 • 2,104 citations

Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations

1977 • 2,087 citations

Perceiving, Acting and Knowing

2017 • 2,049 citations

ATPase Activity of Myosin Correlated with Speed of Muscle Shortening

1967 • 1,969 citations

Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing: Toward an Ecological Psychology

1978 • 1,828 citations

More Is Different: Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science.

1972 • 1,767 citations

Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology.

1980 • 1,720 citations

Tutorials in Motor Behavior

1980 • 1,697 citations

Spatial control of arm movements

1981 • 1,646 citations

Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models

1980 • 1,473 citations

Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction

1975 • 1,387 citations

From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences

1982 • 1,240 citations

Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement.

1968 • 1,219 citations

From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences

1982 • 1,119 citations

System Identification Parameter and State Estimation

1974 • 1,102 citations

Neural Basis of Rhythmic Behavior in Animals

1980 • 1,082 citations

Attention and Performance VII

1980 • 1,056 citations

Non-Linear Oscillations

1963 • 1,055 citations

When Is a Linear Control System Optimal?

1964 • 1,029 citations

Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism

1976 • 1,020 citations

Mammalian Muscle Receptors and Their Central Actions

1973 • 987 citations

MAMMALIAN MUSCLE RECEPTORS AND THEIR CENTRAL ACTIONS

1974 • 963 citations

An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli

1979 • 934 citations

Failure to detect displacement of the visual world during saccadic eye movements

1975 • 863 citations

Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex

1976 • 852 citations

Adaptive gain control of vestibuloocular reflex by the cerebellum

1976 • 846 citations

Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys

1979 • 833 citations

The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis

1981 • 816 citations

The neurosciences. Second study program

1971 • 784 citations

Receptors and Sensory Perception:

1955 • 783 citations

The Neurosciences;: Second study program

1970 • 758 citations

Fixed patterns of rapid postural responses among leg muscles during stance

1977 • 740 citations

RELATIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE DESIGN OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

1965 • 737 citations

Synergetics: An Introduction

2020 • 735 citations

Eye Movements: Cognition and Visual Perception

1982 • 735 citations

Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex

1976 • 713 citations

The sensitivity of muscle spindle afferents to small sinusoidal changes of length

1969 • 708 citations

Forces produced by medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during locomotion in freely moving cats.

1978 • 699 citations

Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force

1980 • 660 citations

Basic Mechanisms of Ocular Motility and Their Clinical Implications

1976 • 633 citations

Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position

1976 • 631 citations

Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in premammillary cats: intrinsic and reflex components.

1981 • 597 citations

Eye Movements

2017 • 556 citations

The Basis of Motor Control

1971 • 552 citations

Levels of sensorimotor representation

1979 • 548 citations

Muscle Spindles and Their Motor Control

1964 • 548 citations

BRAIN AND CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE

1967 • 536 citations

On the Nature of Human Interlimb Coordination

1979 • 533 citations

The mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae)

1975 • 529 citations

Progress in clinical neurophysiology

1980 • 524 citations

Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat.

1967 • 512 citations

Servo Action in Human Voluntary Movement

1972 • 511 citations

Regulation of Stiffness by Skeletomotor Reflexes

1979 • 508 citations

The dependence of tension upon extension in the stretch reflex of the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat

1959 • 501 citations

Receptors and Sensory Perception

1956 • 493 citations

Superposition of motor programs—I. Rhythmic forearm movements in man

1980 • 488 citations

The Neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior

1968 • 484 citations

The abrupt transition from rest to activity in muscle

1949 • 480 citations

Motor control of serial ordering of speech.

1970 • 451 citations

The isometric responses of mammalian muscles

1930 • 449 citations

Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements

1978 • 447 citations

Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production.

1980 • 446 citations

Processes Controlling Arm Movements in Monkeys

1978 • 446 citations

Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: theory and data.

1981 • 440 citations

The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movements

1968 • 439 citations

Conceptual Models of Neural Organization.

1976 • 437 citations

Determining Muscle Forces in the Leg During Normal Human Walking—An Application and Evaluation of Optimization Methods

1978 • 431 citations

Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion

1977 • 423 citations

Morphology and distribution of muscle spindles in dorsal muscles of the cat neck

1975 • 419 citations

Rapid ankle extension during paw shakes: selective recruitment of fast ankle extensors

1980 • 415 citations

Influence of Stimulation of Central Nervous Structures on Muscle Spindles in Cat¹

1953 • 398 citations

Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. 1 . Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint on execution of a postural task

1965 • 397 citations

Water Uptake, Diameter Change, and Nonlinear Diffusion in Tree Stems

1975 • 396 citations

Optimization of muscle-force sequencing in human locomotion

1978 • 396 citations

Eye Movements and Visual Perception.

1975 • 396 citations

A myocybernetic control model of skeletal muscle

1977 • 389 citations

Central Programming and Reflex Control of Walking in the Cockroach

1972 • 388 citations

The effect of activation history on tension production by individual muscle units

1976 • 378 citations

Body Temperature and Capacity for Work

1945 • 374 citations

Effects of inertial load and velocity on the braking process of voluntary limb movements

1979 • 369 citations

Fundamentals of measurement and representation of natural systems

1978 • 367 citations

Predicting Measures of Motor Performance from Multiple Cortical Spike Trains

1970 • 367 citations

Models of the structural-functional organization of certain biological systems

1971 • 360 citations

Superposition of motor programs—II. Rapid forearm flexion in man

1980 • 351 citations

Control of Posture and Locomotion

1973 • 345 citations

Basic Mechanisms of Ocular Motility and Their Clinical Implications

1976 • 340 citations

Human dynamics in man-machine systems

1980 • 321 citations

Use of Optimization Techniques to Predict Muscle Forces

1978 • 316 citations

Terminal Accuracy of Unexpectedly Loaded Rapid Movements

1980 • 312 citations

The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat

1972 • 310 citations

Variable Feedback Experiments Testing a Sampled Data Model for Eye Tracking Movements

1963 • 310 citations

Motor Unit Properties and Selective Involvement In Movement

1975 • 308 citations

Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in the cat spinal cord: The deafferented animal

1974 • 286 citations

The Limits of Firing Frequency in Cat Lumbosacral Motoneurones Possessing Different Time Course of Afterhyperpolarization

1965 • 275 citations

Brain and Conscious Experience

1965 • 274 citations

Laufen und Stehen der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Sinnesborstenfelder in den Beingelenken als Glieder von Regelkreisen

1964 • 272 citations

Anatomy and innervation patterns of cat lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles

1982 • 270 citations

Energy Flow in Biology: Biological Organization as a Problem in Thermal Physics.

1969 • 266 citations

Neurological Control Systems: Studies in Bioengineering

2012 • 265 citations

Tremor and other oscillations in neuromuscular systems

1976 • 262 citations

Activity patterns in individual hindlimb primary and secondary muscle spindle afferents during normal movements in unrestrained cats

1979 • 262 citations

Neurological Control Systems—Studies in Bioengineering

1970 • 262 citations

Peripheral control of movement.

1974 • 255 citations

Functional Anatomy of the Association Between Motor Units and Muscle Receptors

1978 • 242 citations

Electrical Activity and Relative Length Changes of Dog Limb Muscles as A Function of Speed and Gait

1981 • 242 citations

On the normal use of reflexes.

1972 • 236 citations

Motor control mechanisms underlying human movement reproduction.

1977 • 236 citations

The complete optimization of a human motion

1976 • 233 citations

Dependence of dynamic response of spindle receptors on muscle length and velocity.

1981 • 232 citations

Bioastronautics data book

1972 • 230 citations

Physics of Laryngeal Behavior and Larynx Modes

1977 • 228 citations

A histochemical analysis of identified compartments of cat lateral gastrocnemius muscle

1982 • 226 citations

Determination of the frequency response of isometric soleus muscle in the cat using random nerve stimulation

1973 • 225 citations

The Therapeutic Community

1971 • 225 citations

The Control of Eye Movements

1971 • 221 citations

Motor control mechanisms underlying human movement reproduction.

1977 • 217 citations

EMG of slow and fast ankle extensors of cat during posture, locomotion, and jumping

1977 • 217 citations

Sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex during voluntary movement in man

1978 • 211 citations

Muscle Receptors and Movement

1981 • 210 citations

Morphological and histochemical organization of the flexor carpi radialis muscle in the cat

1977 • 205 citations

Reversal of a reflex to a single motoneuron in the stick insect Çarausius morosus

1976 • 204 citations

Posture and movement

1979 • 202 citations

Nonlinear summation of contractions in cat muscles. II. Later facilitation and stiffness changes.

1981 • 198 citations

Cerebral Motor Control in Man: Long Loop Mechanisms

1979 • 196 citations

An adaptive neural model compatible with plastic changes induced in the human vestibulo-ocular reflex by prolonged optical reversal of vision

1976 • 194 citations

Stability, Oscillations, and Noise in the Human Pupil Servomechanism

1959 • 189 citations

Interactions between voluntary and postural mechanisms of thehuman motor system.

1970 • 184 citations

Sampling or Intermittency in Hand Control System Dynamics

1968 • 181 citations

"Sensory partitioning" of cat medial gastrocnemius muscle by its muscle spindles and tendon organs.

1981 • 179 citations

Labial-Mandibular Coordination in the Production of Speech: Implications for the Operation of Motor Equivalence

1976 • 175 citations

Cerebral motor control in man : long loop mechanisms

1978 • 171 citations

Homeokinetics: A Physical Science for Complex Systems

1978 • 166 citations

External Intercostal and Phrenic a Motor Responses to Changes in Respiratory Load

1965 • 165 citations

Models of oculomotor behavior and control

1981 • 165 citations

11 The Organization of Simple, Skilled Movements

1980 • 164 citations

Dynamic Patterns Of Brain Cell Assemblies

1974 • 163 citations

Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. 2. Spindle group II afferents

1976 • 163 citations

LOCALIZATION OF STRETCH REFLEX

1953 • 161 citations

Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology

1979 • 157 citations

Monosynaptic excitation of motoneurones from secondary endings of muscle spindles

1974 • 156 citations

RHYTHMIC EXCITATION OF A STRETCH REFLEX, REVEALING (a) HYSTERESIS AND (b) A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RESPONSES TO PULLING AND TO STRETCHING

1963 • 156 citations

Enhancement and diminution of mechanical tension evoked by staircase and by tetanus in rat muscle

1981 • 155 citations

An evaluation of length and force feedback to soleus muscles of decerebrate cats.

1970 • 154 citations

Muscle spindle discharge in normal and obstructed movements.

1979 • 153 citations

The mechanics of muscle function in locomotion

1970 • 150 citations

Evidence that the secondary as well as the primary endings of the muscle spindles may be responsible for the tonic stretch reflex of the decerebrate cat

1969 • 149 citations

Response to sudden torques about ankle in man. III. Suppression of stretch-evoked responses during phasic contraction.

1980 • 148 citations

Nervous control of walking in the crab,Cardisoma guanhumi

1973 • 145 citations

Time optimal behavior of human saccadic eye movement

1975 • 145 citations

A study of certain factors influencing the stretch reflex of the decerebrate cat

1959 • 144 citations

Time-varying properties of myotatic response in man during some simple motor tasks

1981 • 141 citations

ORGANIZATION OF STRETCH REFLEX INTO TWO TYPES OF DIRECT SPINAL ARCS

1954 • 140 citations

Adaptive control and optimization techniques

1968 • 139 citations

Reflex control of posture and movement

1981 • 138 citations

Optimal motor patterns for activating mammalian muscle

1979 • 136 citations

Sense organs in the femur of the stick insect and their relevance to the control of position of the femur-tibia-joint

1977 • 136 citations

Eye Movements and Visual Perception

1975 • 135 citations

The role of stretch reflexes during active movements

1980 • 135 citations

Past and Future Issues in Motor Programming

1980 • 134 citations

7 Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in Motor Control

1980 • 133 citations

Die Länge und die Spannung des Muskels¹

1892 • 132 citations

Saccadic suppression of image displacement

1976 • 132 citations

Reflex control of posture and movement

1980 • 130 citations

CONDITIONING OF H-REFLEXES BY A PRECEDING SUBTHRESHOLD H-REFLEX STIMULUS

1969 • 128 citations

Brain mechanisms of perceptual awareness and purposeful behavior

1982 • 126 citations

Über die Kontraktionsfähigkeit der Skelettmuskeln

1925 • 125 citations

Automatic control systems

1968 • 125 citations

Über die Kontraktionsfähigkeit von Skelettmuskeln

1924 • 123 citations

Responses to load disturbances in human shoulder muscles: The hypothesis that one component is a pulse test information signal

1975 • 122 citations

Visual-Motor Adaptation

1979 • 122 citations

Discharge Patterns of Hindlimb Motoneurons During Normal Cat Locomotion

1981 • 120 citations

Interrelationships studied in a semibiological "reflex"

1972 • 120 citations

Concepts of Motor Organization

1979 • 119 citations

The Human Eye-Movement Mechanism

1968 • 116 citations

Proprioreceptoren am Subcoxal-und Femur-Tibia-Gelenk der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus und ihre Rolle bei der Wahrnehmung der Schwerkraftrichtung

1965 • 115 citations

Nonlinear summation of contractions in cat muscles. I. Early depression.

1981 • 115 citations

Reliability and efficacy of the long‐latency stretch reflex in the human thumb.

1981 • 115 citations

The Human Operator as a Sampled-Data System

1962 • 114 citations

The control of body position in the stick insect (Carausius morosus), when walking over uneven surfaces

1976 • 114 citations

Anthropomorphic robotics

1980 • 114 citations

Adaptive control and optimization techniques

1967 • 110 citations

Control theories in motor behavior

1982 • 107 citations

A Neuromuscular Actuation System Model

1968 • 107 citations

Nerve and Muscle

1980 • 107 citations

Fusimotor activity in masseter nerve of the cat during reflex jaw movements.

1980 • 106 citations

THE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR VERSIONAL EYE MOVEMENTS

1971 • 105 citations

The strength of the reflex response to sinusoidal stretch of monkey jaw closing muscles during voluntary contraction.

1978 • 105 citations

Evidence that the human jaw stretch reflex increases the resistance of the mandible to small displacements.

1980 • 101 citations

2 On the Concept of Coordinative Structures as Dissipative Structures: II. Empirical Lines of Convergence

1980 • 96 citations

On the function of the common inhibitory neurone in the walking legs of the crab,Eriphia spinifrons

1981 • 95 citations

The good enough calculi of evolving control systems: evolution is not engineering

1982 • 93 citations

Brain mechanisms of perceptual awareness and purposeful behavior

1981 • 93 citations

Parameter and Signal Adaptation in the Stretch Reflex Loop

1976 • 92 citations

Time Constraints for Inter-Limb Co-Ordination in the Cat During Unrestrained Locomotion

1973 • 90 citations

The neural basis of the femur-tibia-control-system in the stick insect Carausius morosus

1980 • 89 citations

The current status of vestibular system models

1969 • 89 citations

Relating motor cortex spike trains to measures of motor performance

1972 • 87 citations

Determination of Internal Forces in Human Hand

1978 • 87 citations

Motor Unit Activity and Stiffness of the Contracting Muscle Fibres in the Tonic Stretch Reflex

1971 • 86 citations

Muscle spindles in muscle control

1972 • 86 citations

Effect of contraction level and magnitude of stretch on tonic stretch reflex transmission characteristics.

1981 • 86 citations

Vestibular and oculomotor physiology: international meeting of the Bárány Society.

1981 • 86 citations

A Discrete Model for Eye Tracking Movements

1963 • 86 citations

THE SENSE OF LIMB POSITION AND MOVEMENT

1976 • 84 citations

Modulation of the myotatic reflex gain in man during intentional movements

1980 • 81 citations

Muscle spindles in muscle control

1972 • 81 citations

Limitations in the servo-regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in premammillary cats

1981 • 80 citations

A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. I. Introduction to the general notions

1977 • 79 citations

Der Regelkreis des Kniesehnenreflexes bei der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Reaktionen auf passive Bewegungen der Tibia

1972 • 77 citations

Der „Kniesehnenreflex” bei Carausius morosus: Übergangsfunktion und Frequenzgang

1972 • 76 citations

Tonic stretch reflexes in lip, tongue and jaw muscles

1979 • 75 citations

Biophysics of the striated muscle

1963 • 75 citations

The reflex behaviour and innervation of the tergo-coxal retractor muscles of the stick insectCarausius morosus

1981 • 72 citations

Vom femoralen Chordotonalorgan gesteuerte Reaktionen bei der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Messung der von der Tibia erzeugten Kraft im aktiven und inaktiven Tier

1974 • 72 citations

Temporal Aspects of Therapeutics.

1974 • 70 citations

Distortion Suppression in Neuromuscular Information Transmission Due to Interchannel Dispersion in Muscle Spindle Firing Thresholds

1976 • 69 citations

Reflex motor output to torque pulses in man: Identification of short- and long-latency loops with individual feedback parameters

1979 • 68 citations

Changing views of feedforward and feedback in voluntary movement

1978 • 68 citations

Modeling of a simple motor task in man: intentional arrest of an ongoing movement

1973 • 67 citations

Is the Position of the Femur-Tibia Joint Under Feedback Control in the Walking Stick Insect ?

1981 • 67 citations

The control of the rocking movements of the phasmidCarausius morosus Br.

1977 • 67 citations

The influence of the gamma system on cross-correlated activity of Ia muscle spindles and its relation to information transmission

1979 • 62 citations

Control of robotic manipulator with adaptive controller

1981 • 60 citations

The control of walking movements in the leg of the rock lobster

1983 • 60 citations

Visual Target Tracking with Active Head Rotation

1970 • 59 citations

Absence of force-feedback regulation in soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat

1980 • 59 citations

Is the Position of the Femur-Tibia Joint Under Feedback Control in the Walking Stick Insect?: I. Force Measurements

1981 • 59 citations

Nonlinear Computations in the Human Controller

1962 • 58 citations

Open loop analysis of a feedback mechanism controlling the leg position in the stick insect Carausius morosus: Comparison between experiment and simulation

1977 • 58 citations

Nerve and Muscle: Membranes, Cells, and Systems

1980 • 58 citations

Does the velocity sensitivity of muscle spindles stabilize the stretch reflex?

1976 • 57 citations

Systemanalytische Untersuchung eines aufgeschnittenen Regelkreises, der die Beinstellung der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus kontrolliert: Kraftmessungen an den Antagonisten Flexor und Extensor tibiae

1977 • 57 citations

Additional Observations on Responses to Resistive Loading of the Jaw

1976 • 56 citations

fstds System: A fuzzy-set manipulation system

1978 • 56 citations

A global model of neuronal command-control systems

1977 • 53 citations

Psychophysics and ecometrics

1981 • 51 citations

Anthropomorphic robotics

1980 • 51 citations

Temporal Aspects of Therapeutics

1973 • 51 citations

Nonlinear properties of stretch reflex studied in the decerebrate cat

1982 • 51 citations

Slow changes and wiener analysis of nonlinear summation in contractions of cat muscles

1982 • 51 citations

Movement and the mechanical properties of the intact human elbow joint.

1980 • 50 citations

A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. III. Keeping the books--a general experimental method

1978 • 50 citations

The role of action reflexes in the damping of mechanical oscillations

1978 • 49 citations

Der Regelkreis des Kniesehnenreflexes bei der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus

1974 • 48 citations

The control system of the femur tibia joint in the standing and the walking stick insect (Carausius morosus).

1980 • 48 citations

The role of γ-motoneurons in mammalian reflex systems

1981 • 47 citations

The Significance of Intramuscular Receptors in Load Compensation During Voluntary Contractions in Man

1973 • 47 citations

Regulation of the body-substrat-distance in the stick insect: Responses to sinusoidal stimulation

1981 • 46 citations

The neural basis of catalepsy in the stick insect cuniculina impigra

1982 • 46 citations

Reflex and Non-Reflex Stiffness of Soleus Muscle in the Cat

1973 • 44 citations

Design of muscle for locomotion and the maintenance of posture

1981 • 42 citations

Reflex activation of dynamic fusimotor neurons by natural stimulation of muscle and joint receptor afferent units

1981 • 42 citations

Sampling or Intermittency in the Hand Control System

1968 • 40 citations

Computer simulation of biological models using the inners approach

1975 • 40 citations

Compensatory responses to low magnitude loads applied to the lower lip during speech

1981 • 39 citations

Isotonic Vocalis Contraction as a Means of Producing Rapid Decreases in F ₀

1980 • 38 citations

Inners and biocontrol models

1975 • 37 citations

Physiology of the visual control system

1965 • 37 citations

A false alternative

1978 • 36 citations

A Dynamic Analysis of Two-Dimensional Muscle Force Contributions to Lower Lip Movement

1973 • 36 citations

Comment: Unresolved questions concerning muscle afferents

1981 • 35 citations

A Two-Dimensional Strain Gauge Transducer System for the Lips and Jaw

1973 • 34 citations

Biological optimality: Comparison of generalized feasibility and optimality conditions for linear, error-minimizing systems

1982 • 34 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations