Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection

PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS OF THERAPY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: REPORT BY THE PANEL ON THE EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRIALS OF THERAPY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1965 • 1,402 citations

Immunological Aspects of Demyelinating Diseases

1992 • 1,021 citations

MRI in the diagnosis of MS

1988 • 650 citations

A Population-Based Study of Multiple Sclerosis in Twins

1986 • 644 citations

The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis

2016 • 505 citations

Evidence for Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Patients with Persistent, Unexplained Illnesses: Elevated Anti-Early Antigen Antibodies

1985 • 444 citations

Multiple sclerosis and human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses

1985 • 348 citations

On the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis According to Age at Immigration to South Africa

1971 • 291 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans

1979 • 276 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the faroe islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features

1979 • 257 citations

Selective Loss of the Suppressor-Inducer T-Cell Subset in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

1987 • 240 citations

Epidemiologic contributions to multiple sclerosis

1980 • 236 citations

Annual incidence, prevalence, and mortality of multiple sclerosis in white South-African-born and in white immigrants to South Africa.

1967 • 230 citations

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN THREE AUSTRALIAN CITIES: PERTH, NEWCASTLE AND HOBART

1988 • 211 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands

2001 • 206 citations

A reappraisal of the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota

1990 • 190 citations

A REASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2009 • 186 citations

A REASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2009 • 181 citations

Geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis: An update with special reference to Europe and the Mediterranean region

1980 • 172 citations

Multiple Sclerosis as a Disease of Immune Regulation

1984 • 169 citations

Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Related to Age at Immigration to Israel

1966 • 160 citations

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PREVALENCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN NORTHERN SCOTLAND

1956 • 160 citations

Studies on the natural history of multiple sclerosis

1967 • 155 citations

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND POLIOMYELITIS

1963 • 152 citations

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Evolving Concepts of Pathogenesis and Treatment

1984 • 152 citations

FAMILIAL AND CONJUGAL MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1963 • 148 citations

Geography in multiple sclerosis

1977 • 141 citations

The incidence and prevalence of reported multiple sclerosis

1981 • 139 citations

Epstein‐Barr nuclear antigen and viral capsid antigen antibody titers in multiple sclerosis

1985 • 130 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in US veterans

1985 • 126 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Iceland

1982 • 124 citations

Multiple Sclerosis in Israel

1962 • 124 citations

Migration and risk of multiple sclerosis

1978 • 123 citations

Multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Greater London.

1976 • 120 citations

Increased prevalence and titer of Epstein‐Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis

1985 • 120 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands.

1986 • 119 citations

A case‐control study of multiple sclerosis

1989 • 116 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. I: Epidemiology, clinical factors, and methodology.

1980 • 113 citations

THE GENETICS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS1

1982 • 112 citations

Recovery of Epstein–Barr Virus from Genital Ulcers

1984 • 111 citations

CRYPTOGENIC FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS AND EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS: AN ASSOCIATION?

1984 • 109 citations

Multiple Sclerosis East and West

1983 • 106 citations

VIRAL INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND HLA-DR MATCHED CONTROLS

1986 • 99 citations

Twin study of multiple sclerosis

1978 • 94 citations

Multiple Sclerosis in Rochester, Minn

1971 • 93 citations

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND AGE AT MIGRATION

1978 • 93 citations

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1922 • 92 citations

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in south east Wales.

1988 • 90 citations

Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in British Columbia

1986 • 88 citations

Occurrence of multiple sclerosis in the north and south of New Zealand.

1987 • 88 citations

Epidemiology: Man and Disease

1970 • 87 citations

Genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis

1979 • 86 citations

Multiple sclerosis among the United Kingdom-born children of immigrants from the West Indies.

1987 • 86 citations

THE PREVALENCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN AUSTRALIA

1962 • 85 citations

Declining incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Orkney Islands

1985 • 85 citations

Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals.

1978 • 85 citations

Mortality in 33 countries from diseases of the nervous system.

1962 • 84 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the counties of Northumberland and Durham

1963 • 80 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Arabs in Kuwait: A comparative study between Kuwaitis and Palestinians

1990 • 79 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in London and Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada

1988 • 79 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis

1983 • 79 citations

Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis

1988 • 79 citations

Multiple sclerosis in southern Europe. I: Prevalence in Sicily in 1975.

1979 • 78 citations

Sex distribution, age of onset and HLA profiles in two types of multiple sclerosis

1986 • 77 citations

The distribution of multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom.

1986 • 76 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the north-east (Grampian region) of Scotland--an update.

1987 • 76 citations

Clustering of Residence of Multiple Sclerosis Patients at Age 13 to 20 Years in Hordaland, Norway

1991 • 76 citations

The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Queensland, Australia

1987 • 73 citations

PREVALENCE OF DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS IN THE FAROES, THE ORKNEYS AND SHETLAND

2009 • 72 citations

Prognosis in solitary intraventricular haemorrhage

1989 • 71 citations

DISTRIBUTION AND MORTALITY TIME TREND OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND SOME OTHER DISEASES IN NORWAY

1970 • 70 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Saudi Arabia

1988 • 70 citations

Western Norway, a high‐risk area for multiple sclerosis

1984 • 70 citations

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in a south London borough.

1986 • 69 citations

The geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis and its estimated prevalence in the United States.

1950 • 68 citations

Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in Israel: Part III Multiple sclerosis and socio-economic status

1967 • 67 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: V. Ancestry and the risk of multiple sclerosis

1993 • 65 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: incidence and prevalence rates in Denmark 1948-64 based on the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry

1988 • 65 citations

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND AN ASSOCIATION WITH HLA-DOW1

1987 • 64 citations

Immunogenetic profile of multiple sclerosis in Mexicans

1986 • 64 citations

GENETIC ASPECTS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1953 • 63 citations

AGE OF ONSET IN SIBLINGS CONCORDANT FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1991 • 62 citations

Incidence of multiple sclerosis in the town of Sassari, Sardinia, 1965 to 1985

1988 • 62 citations

ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1967 • 62 citations

When is multiple sclerosis acquired?

1971 • 61 citations

Clinical evaluation of possible etiologic factors in multiple sclerosis

1968 • 61 citations

Intravenous paraldehyde for seizure control in newborn infants

1986 • 61 citations

Detection of Epstein‐Barr virus in the brain by the polymerase chain reaction

1992 • 60 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Winnipeg, Manitoba: Methodological considerations of epidemiologic survey

1964 • 60 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. II: The search for an exogenous aetiology.

1980 • 60 citations

EVIDENCE FOR LOWER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN JAPANESE-AMERICANS1

1977 • 59 citations

STUDIES ON MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, AND NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA12

1953 • 59 citations

Mortality and migration in multiple sclerosis

1971 • 59 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the two northernmost counties of Norway

2009 • 58 citations

LEAD IN RELATION TO DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS

1950 • 58 citations

A method for estimating the age at immigration of white immigrants to South Africa, with an example of its importance.

1970 • 57 citations

SELENIUM, VITAMIN E AND COPPER IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1976 • 56 citations

Multiple sclerosis, in Finland

1984 • 56 citations

Familial multiple sclerosis: Clinical, histocompatibility, and viral serological studies

1978 • 54 citations

Prevalence and pattern of multiple sclerosis in Benghazi, North-Eastern Libya

1985 • 54 citations

Prevalence of Disseminated Sclerosis

1954 • 54 citations

Family and Twin Studies in Multiple Sclerosis

1984 • 53 citations

An epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis. Familial aggregation social determinants, and exogenic factors.

1989 • 52 citations

Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis

1976 • 52 citations

Multiple sclerosis among American, Japanese and Chinese migrants to California and Washington

1972 • 51 citations

Epidemiologic characteristics of multiple sclerosis

1952 • 51 citations

Some Neurological Aspects of Medical Geography

1963 • 51 citations

FURTHER FEATURES OF THE FENNOSCANDIAN FOCUS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2009 • 51 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands III. An alternative assessment of the three epidemics

1987 • 51 citations

Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Denmark 1948–1982: A Descriptive Nationwide Study

1992 • 50 citations

ON THE TIME OF ONSET IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2009 • 49 citations

Association of class II HLA-D ? chain DNA restriction fragments with multiple sclerosis

1985 • 49 citations

Multiple Sclerosis: Indian Experience in the Last Thirty Years

1985 • 48 citations

A further study on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sicily: Caltanissetta city

2009 • 48 citations

Phenotypic and functional analysis of T cells cloned directly from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis

1985 • 47 citations

AN APPRAISAL OF POPULATION STUDIES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1965 • 46 citations

The frequency of multiple sclerosis in Mediterranean Europe

1983 • 45 citations

Motor neurone disease and multiple sclerosis among immigrants to Britain.

1977 • 45 citations

The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1960–1984

1986 • 45 citations

Validity of the Epidemics of Multiple Sclerosis in the Faroe Islands (Part 1 of 2)

1988 • 43 citations

CONCORDANCE IN TWINS AND RECURRENCE IN SIBSHIPS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1982 • 43 citations

An Epidemiologic Approach to Multiple Sclerosis

1966 • 43 citations

Analysis of the ‘Epidemic' of Multiple Sclerosis in the Faroe Islands

1988 • 41 citations

An increase in the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Western Norway

2009 • 41 citations

Italy

1982 • 41 citations

Multiple sclerosis in a migrant population: 2. Half‐orientals immigrating in childhood

1980 • 40 citations

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Saskatoon.

1982 • 39 citations

Update on the Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis

1989 • 38 citations

Incidence of multiple sclerosis in Macomer, Sardinia, 1912–1981

1986 • 38 citations

Multiple sclerosis in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Follow-up of a previous survey in New Orleans, and comparison between the patient populations in the two communities

1967 • 38 citations

The incidence and mortality of multiple sclerosis in south east Wales.

1989 • 37 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Shetland Islands: an update

1988 • 37 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Kuwait: clinical and epidemiological study.

1986 • 37 citations

Multiple Sclerosis Clustering in a Small Massachusetts Community, with Possible Common Exposure 23 Years before Onset

1973 • 36 citations

Sardinia, a high‐risk area for multiple sclerosis: A prevalence and incidence study in the district of alghero

1987 • 35 citations

The frequency of multiple sclerosis in Italy: A descriptive study in Ferrara

1985 • 35 citations

Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis

1984 • 35 citations

CORRELATION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS WITH COSMIC‐RAY INTENSITIES

1960 • 35 citations

Higher than Expected Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Northern Colorado: Dependence on Methodologic Issues

1986 • 34 citations

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN KEY WEST, FLORIDA

1989 • 34 citations

Genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis in Orkney.

1979 • 33 citations

Zinc in multiple sclerosis. II: Correlation with disease activity and elevated plasma membrane–bound zinc in erythrocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis

1986 • 33 citations

Multiple Sclerosis: Epidemiology and HLA Associations

1984 • 33 citations

Lack of antibody to HTLV-I and HIV in patients with multiple sclerosis from France and French West Indies.

1986 • 33 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands. 5.

2009 • 32 citations

FAMILIAL INCIDENCE AND GEOGRAPHY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1965 • 32 citations

The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: the Iceland model onset-adjusted prevalence rate and other methodological considerations

1992 • 31 citations

Analysis of the ‘Epidemic' of Multiple Sclerosis in the Faroe Islands

1988 • 31 citations

POSSIBLE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND SOME DISEASE PATTERNS*

1967 • 31 citations

Risk of multiple sclerosis inversely associated with birth order position

2009 • 31 citations

Endemic Clustering of Multiple Sclerosis in Time and Place, 1934–1984

1986 • 31 citations

Multiple sclerosis among Orientals and Caucasians in Hawaii

1978 • 29 citations

Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

1983 • 29 citations

Multiple sclerosis

1988 • 29 citations

Peripheral blood T lymphocyte changes in multiple sclerosis: a marker of disease progression rather than of relapse?

1986 • 28 citations

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Outer Hebrides compared with north-east Scotland and the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

1981 • 27 citations

Multiple sclerosis and distemper in Iceland 1966-1978

2009 • 27 citations

TONSILLECTOMY AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1965 • 27 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Republic of San Marino.

1984 • 27 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Western Poland - a comparison between prevalence rates in 1965 and 1981

2009 • 26 citations

Incidence of antibody to HTLV‐I is not increased in Japanese MS patients

1987 • 26 citations

FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

1967 • 26 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Cyprus

1991 • 25 citations

Multiple sclerosis: Progress in research

1972 • 25 citations

Immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis

1980 • 25 citations

Multiple Sclerosis in Iceland

1962 • 25 citations

Multiple Sclerosis in Olmsted and Mower Counties, Minnesota

1983 • 24 citations

Multiple sclerosis from an epidemiological viewpoint

1977 • 24 citations

Acute multiple sclerosis exacerbations are characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells

1987 • 23 citations

Birth order and multiple sclerosis

1982 • 23 citations

Ethnic and HLA patterns related to multiple sclerosis in Wellington, New Zealand.

1986 • 23 citations

Survey of persons with multiple sclerosis in Ottawa, 1974-75.

1977 • 23 citations

THE FREQUENCY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

2009 • 22 citations

Increased incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Los Alamos County, New Mexico

1981 • 22 citations

An Unusual Occurrence of Multiple Sclerosis in a Small Rural Community

1976 • 22 citations

Multiple Sclerosis

1974 • 22 citations

Multiple sclerosis and infection from an epidemiologic aspect

1968 • 21 citations

Multiple sclerosis among immigrants.

1976 • 21 citations

[The occurrence of multiple sclerosis in Southern Lower Saxony: results of a 12-year field study (author's transl)].

1977 • 21 citations

Search for HTLV-I and LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in serum and CSF of multiple sclerosis patients

1986 • 20 citations

THE INCIDENCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

1962 • 20 citations

Multiple sclerosis in the Republic of Ireland.

1977 • 20 citations

Geographical pattern of death rates from multiple sclerosis in France: AN ANALYSIS OF 4912 DEATHS

2009 • 19 citations

Relationship between the Degree of Individual Space-Time Clustering and Age at Onset of Disease among Multiple Sclerosis Patients

1992 • 19 citations

Immunoglobulin allotypes and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis

1986 • 19 citations

A review of the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: an ecological approach

1991 • 19 citations

Conjugal multiple sclerosis

1992 • 19 citations

THE PREVALENCE OF DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA

1966 • 18 citations

Serum antibodies to HTLV-I in human demyelinating disease

1987 • 17 citations

MS epidemiology in Faroe Islands.

1987 • 17 citations

Migration and age at onset of multiple sclerosis: some pitfalls of migrant studies

2009 • 16 citations

Epidemiological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparative Study of Four Centres in Europe

1986 • 16 citations

INCIDENCE OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN UNITED STATES TROOPS

1922 • 16 citations

The risk of multiple sclerosis in Denmark

2009 • 15 citations

Polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis in Orkney.

1979 • 15 citations

Birth order and risk of multiple sclerosis: Are they associated and how?

2009 • 15 citations

Measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients and HLA‐matched and unmatched siblings

1981 • 15 citations

Multiple sclerosis: an overview

1989 • 15 citations

Multiple sclerosis in northern Italy. Prevalence in the province of Ferrara in 1978

1981 • 14 citations

ICD 9: A REGRESSION

1979 • 14 citations

[Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Brittany].

1983 • 14 citations

In defense of death data

1985 • 13 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis.

1978 • 12 citations

Clues to the cause based upon the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis

1977 • 12 citations

Geographical pattern of Death rates from multiple sclerosis in France An Analysis of 4912 deaths.

1982 • 11 citations

Epidemiological Data for Multiple Sclerosis in Greece

1984 • 11 citations

[Multiple sclerosis in the province of Las Palmas].

1983 • 11 citations

Suppressor T cell changes in active multiple sclerosis: analysis with three different monoclonal antibodies.

1985 • 11 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Romania.

1989 • 10 citations

A new multiple sclerosis epidemic? A pilot survey.

1985 • 9 citations

International Patterns of Mortality from Multiple Sclerosis

1982 • 9 citations

Multiple sclerosis in Istria, Yugoslavia.

1989 • 9 citations

[Multiple sclerosis in Tunisia. Clinical study of 100 cases].

1977 • 6 citations

Some epidemiologic features compatible with an infectious origin for multiple sclerosis.

1969 • 6 citations

IMMUNOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: Immunoregulation in Multiple Sclerosis^a

1984 • 6 citations

MS in Switzerland — Canton Wallis

1980 • 6 citations

Seroreactivity to human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 and related retroviruses in multiple sclerosis patients from Denmark and the Faroes

1992 • 6 citations

Risk Factors, Course, and Prognosis of Multiple Selerosis

1988 • 5 citations

Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Bulgaria

1987 • 5 citations

[The geographic distribution of multiple sclerosis].

1966 • 5 citations

HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis in coloured South Africans

1984 • 5 citations

The clustering of multiple sclerosis in various administrative subunits of western Poland

1985 • 4 citations

NK activity and NK-like non-specific cytolysis after PPD, rubella and measles antigen stimulation in multiple sclerosis

1987 • 4 citations

HLA‐DR antigens in multiple sclerosis

1985 • 4 citations

Epidemiologic studies of multiple sclerosis in Yugoslavia.

1985 • 3 citations

[Principles and problems in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis].

1983 • 3 citations

General Overview of the Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis with Emphasis on the Geographic Pattern and Long-Term Trends

2015 • 3 citations

Multiple sclerosis patients have a high frequency of an HLA‐DQβ epitope defined by a human‐human hybridoma antibody

1989 • 2 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations

Cited By (0)

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