Reactive effects of pretesting in attitude research.

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research

1963 • 15,071 citations

On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications.

1962 • 3,823 citations

Experiments on Mass Communication

2017 • 616 citations

The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude

1969 • 560 citations

An extension of control group design.

1949 • 524 citations

Individual in Society

1962 • 483 citations

Report on an Educational Campaign: The Cincinnati Plan for the United Nations

1950 • 87 citations

Behavior theory and the behavior of attitudes: some critical comments.

1948 • 44 citations

Effects of volunteering, fear arousal, and number of communications on attitude change.

1969 • 39 citations

Pretest-treatment interaction effects in attitudinal studies.

1959 • 38 citations

Attitude change and mental hospital experience..

1962 • 34 citations

The Interview Effect in Polling

1948 • 31 citations

Volunteer Effects on Experimental Outcomes

1969 • 21 citations

Volunteer Subjects and the Results of Opinion Change Studies

1966 • 20 citations

Inhibitory Effects of a Pretest on Opinion Change

1966 • 18 citations

Subject Awareness and Order Effects in Persuasive Communications

1963 • 18 citations

A further investigation of the pretest-treatment interaction effect.

1959 • 18 citations

One-Sided Versus Two-Sided Communication Under Indirect Awareness of Persuasive Intent

1968 • 14 citations

The influence of the pretest on order effects in persuasive communications.

1964 • 14 citations

The Effects of Pretest Commitment and Information Upon Opinion Change

1969 • 13 citations

Experimental Designs of the Single-Stimulus, All-Or-Nothing Type

1965 • 10 citations

Effects of a Persuasive Message upon Attitudes: A Methodological Comparison of an Offset before-after Design with a Pretest-Posttest Design

1966 • 8 citations

Pretest Sensitization and Attitude Change

1969 • 4 citations

Effects of Pretest-Treatment Interval on Opinion Change

1968 • 3 citations