Botulinum Toxin: Mechanisms of Action

Functional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: Biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals

1999 • 653 citations

Sensitivity of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia neurons to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins

2000 • 474 citations

Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection

1996 • 339 citations

Botulinum a Toxin Effects on Rat Jaw Muscle Spindles

1993 • 335 citations

Tetanus toxin and botulinum toxins type A and B inhibit glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, aspartate, and met-enkephalin release from synaptosomes. Clues to the locus of action.

1992 • 301 citations

Respective potencies of Botox and Dysport: a double blind, randomised, crossover study in cervical dystonia.

2002 • 264 citations

125I-Labelled botulinum a neurotoxin: Pharmacokinetics in cats after intramuscular injection

1976 • 242 citations

Capsaicin-stimulated release of substance P from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons: involvement of two distinct mechanisms

2000 • 241 citations

Effects of botulinum toxin type A on intracortical inhibition in patients with dystonia

2000 • 217 citations

Presynaptic Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on the Neuronally Evoked Response of Albino and Pigmented Rabbit Iris Sphincter and Dilator Muscles

2000 • 214 citations

Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's cramp. A PET study

1997 • 207 citations

Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin: Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles

1995 • 182 citations

Botulinum toxin therapy: distant effects on neuromuscular transmission and autonomic nervous system.

1992 • 181 citations

Autonomic Side Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type B Treatment of Cervical Dystonia and Hyperhidrosis

2002 • 175 citations

Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm: single-fiber EMG studies

1986 • 170 citations

Distant effects of local injection of botulinum toxin

1987 • 163 citations

Differential inhibition by botulinum neurotoxin A of cotransmitters released from autonomic vasodilator neurons

2001 • 137 citations

Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection

1988 • 134 citations

Muscle afferent block for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia

1998 • 100 citations

Botulinum Toxin Therapy

2021 • 92 citations

Mechanics of membrane fusion

1998 • 70 citations

Electromyographic Quantification of the Paralysing Effect of Botulinum Toxin in the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

2000 • 67 citations

Effects of type a botulinum toxin on the cholinergic transmission at spinal renshaw cells and on the inhibitory action at ia inhibitory interneurones

1977 • 67 citations

TLC immunostaining characterization of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin binding to gangliosides and free fatty acids

1986 • 64 citations

Muscle afferent block by intramuscular injection of lidocaine for the treatment of writer's cramp

1995 • 59 citations

Botulinum toxin restores presynaptic inhibition of group Ia afferents in patients with essential tremor

1998 • 55 citations

Inhibition of calcium‐dependent release of noradrenaline from PC12 cells by botulinum type‐A neurotoxin

1992 • 47 citations

Inhibition of gastric emptying and small intestinal transit by ethanol is mediated by capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves

2002 • 46 citations

Botulinum neurotoxin alters the discharge characteristics of abducens motoneurons in the alert cat

1994 • 40 citations

Neue Beobachtungen über die in Würtemberg so häufig vorfallenden tödtlichen Vergiftungen durch den Genuß geräucherter Würste

1820 • 39 citations

Opposite modulation of capsaicin-evoked substance P release by glutamate receptors

1999 • 36 citations

The pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia and its modification by botulinum toxin

1990 • 28 citations

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