Is El Niño Changing?

Variations in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Surface Wind Fields Associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño

1982 • 2,549 citations

Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures

1998 • 1,638 citations

A Model El Ni&ntilde–Southern Oscillation

1987 • 1,635 citations

Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming

1999 • 1,259 citations

Genesis and Evolution of the 1997-98 El Niño

1999 • 1,222 citations

The Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress

1998 • 1,031 citations

ENSO theory

1998 • 867 citations

Interannual Variability in a Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Model: Influence of the Basic State, Ocean Geometry and Nonlinearity

1989 • 853 citations

The Optimal Growth of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

1995 • 830 citations

An ~15,000-Year Record of El Niño-Driven Alluviation in Southwestern Ecuador

1999 • 717 citations

Experimental forecasts of El Niño

1986 • 688 citations

Interaction between the Subtropical and Equatorial Ocean Circulations: The Subtropical Cell

1994 • 567 citations

Vacillations in a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model

1988 • 565 citations

The Seasonal Cycle over the Tropical Pacific in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models

1995 • 539 citations

Why the ITCZ Is Mostly North of the Equator

1996 • 515 citations

On the structure and evolution of ENSO‐related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA

1998 • 513 citations

El Niño and climate change

1997 • 506 citations

TOGA-TAO: A Moored Array for Real-time Measurements in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

1991 • 387 citations

The Interpretation of Short Climate Records, with Comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations

1999 • 366 citations

Stochastic Forcing of ENSO by the Intraseasonal Oscillation

1999 • 286 citations

Decadal Variability in ENSO Predictability and Prediction

1998 • 251 citations

Abrupt Shift in Subsurface Temperatures in the Tropical Pacific Associated with Changes in El Niño

1998 • 236 citations

Modes of Interannual Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction—a Unified View. Part I: Numerical Results

1993 • 222 citations

Simulated ENSO in a Global Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model: Multidecadal Amplitude Modulation and CO₂Sensitivity

1997 • 182 citations

On the Annual Cycle of the Eastern Equatorial Pacific

1996 • 156 citations

Anomalous ENSO Occurrences: An Alternate View*

1997 • 128 citations

Equatorial wave sequence associated with warm pool displacements during the 1986–1989 El Niño‐La Niña

1995 • 121 citations

Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and the Tropical Climatology. Part II: Why the Pacific Cold Tongue Is in the East

1995 • 113 citations

A Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Instability of Relevance to the Seasonal Cycle

1994 • 112 citations

A Multiseason Climate Forecast System at the National Meteorological Center

1994 • 100 citations

Coupled general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific

1998 • 93 citations

Ring current modeling in a realistic magnetic field configuration

1997 • 92 citations

Simulation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation-like Variability in a Global AOGCM and its Response to CO₂Increase

1995 • 82 citations

Observations of annual and El Niño thermal and flow variations at 0°, 110°W and 0°, 95°W during 1980–1985

1987 • 80 citations

Ocean modeling for ENSO

1998 • 72 citations

Darwin sea level pressure, 1876–1996: Evidence for climate change?

1997 • 60 citations