Psychological Stress and Neuroendocrine Function in Humans: The Last Two Decades of Research

Attachment and Loss

1969 • 17,518 citations

Steps to an Ecology of Mind

1973 • 7,517 citations

The Stress of Life

1956 • 5,480 citations

Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity

1979 • 4,029 citations

Physiological Functions of Glucocorticoids in Stress and Their Relation to Pharmacological Actions*

1984 • 3,073 citations

Stress Hormones: Their Interaction and Regulation

1984 • 1,534 citations

Salivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview

1989 • 1,522 citations

Caudate Glucose Metabolic Rate Changes With Both Drug and Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

1992 • 1,283 citations

Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life

1976 • 1,275 citations

The tree of knowledge

1987 • 1,218 citations

Mind and nature : a necessary unity

1988 • 1,197 citations

A Review of Psychoendocrine Research on the Pituitary-Adrenal Cortical System

1968 • 874 citations

Reality: The Search for Objectivity or the Quest for a Compelling Argument

1988 • 790 citations

Opioid and Nonopioid Mechanisms of Stress Analgesia

1980 • 744 citations

Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.

1992 • 714 citations

Persistent High Cortisol Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in a Subpopulation of Healthy Men

1995 • 655 citations

Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Human Sympathoadrenal Neuroendocrine System

1980 • 653 citations

Salivary Cortisol: A Better Measure of Adrenal Cortical Function than Serum Cortisol

1983 • 648 citations

THE EMERGENCY FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IN PAIN AND THE MAJOR EMOTIONS

1914 • 643 citations

Sex-Specific Effects of Social Support on Cortisol and Subjective Responses to Acute Psychological Stress

1995 • 570 citations

Plasma Catecholamines in Stress and Exercise

1980 • 513 citations

Changes in job strain in relation to changes in physiological state. A longitudinal study.

1988 • 445 citations

Biological basis of the stress response

1992 • 390 citations

Psychobiology of stress : a study of coping men

1978 • 364 citations

Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort

1980 • 334 citations

Urinary Cortisol Levels, Cellular Immunocompetency, and Loneliness in Psychiatric Inpatients

1984 • 319 citations

Type A Behavior and Elevated Physiological and Neuroendocrine Responses to Cognitive Tasks

1982 • 272 citations

Emotional stress induced by parachute jumping enhances blood nerve growth factor levels and the distribution of nerve growth factor receptors in lymphocytes.

1994 • 256 citations

Heterogeneity in Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses to Brief PsychologicalStressors as a Function of Autonomic Cardiac Activation

1995 • 254 citations

Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women Differ in their Cardiovascular and Neuroendocrine Responses to Behavioral Stressors

1989 • 241 citations

Psychosocial job factors and symptoms from the locomotor system--a multicausal analysis

2020 • 239 citations

Effect of Harassment and Competition Upon Cardiovascular and Plasma Catecholamine Responses in Type A and Type B Individuals

1980 • 229 citations

Sex Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Reactions to Examination Stress

1978 • 229 citations

Plasma Levels of Norepinephrine

1978 • 217 citations

Plasma catecholamine response of coronary-prone subjects (type A) to a specific challenge

1975 • 216 citations

Relationship Between Psychological Defenses and Mean Urinary 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Excretion Rates

1964 • 215 citations

Preliminary evidence for reduced cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in women using oral contraceptive medication

1995 • 212 citations

Behavioral stress responses in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the effects of estrogen

1992 • 208 citations

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Responses in Continuously Collected Human Plasma to a Series of Stressors

1983 • 204 citations

Stress and Distress in Response to Psychosocial Stimuli

1973 • 196 citations

The Mind/Body Program for Infertility: a new behavioral treatment approach for women with infertility

1990 • 194 citations

Short-Term Catecholamine Response to Psychological Stress1

1980 • 194 citations

Comparative muscular strength of men and women: a review of the literature.

1976 • 189 citations

Heritability of cortisol responses to human corticotropin-releasing hormone, ergometry, and psychological stress in humans.

1992 • 187 citations

Sex differences in sympathetic-adrenal medullary reactions induced by different stressors

1976 • 173 citations

Job strain variations in relation to plasma testosterone fluctuations in working men ‐ a longitudinal study

1990 • 173 citations

Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety.

1985 • 171 citations

Effects of adult attachment and presence of romantic partners on physiological responses to stress.

1996 • 169 citations

Differentiated sympathetic activation during mental stress evoked by the Stroop test.

1984 • 167 citations

Noradrenaline Release And Sympathetic Nervous System Activity

1985 • 164 citations

The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response: A prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity

1994 • 163 citations

The Self in Process: Toward A Post-Rationalist Cognitive Therapy

1991 • 162 citations

Stress Responses in Male and Female Engineering Students

1978 • 159 citations

Individual differences in cortisol responses to a laboratory speech task and their relationship to responses to stressful daily events

1996 • 157 citations

Attenuated cortisol response to psychological stress but not to CRH or ergometry in young habitual smokers

1993 • 157 citations

Psychologic stress increases plasma levels of prolactin, cortisol, and POMC-derived peptides in man.

1988 • 156 citations

Plasma cortisol levels and reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus in response to examination stress

1994 • 155 citations

Cardiovascular responses to psychological and physiological stressors during the menstrual cycle.

1991 • 150 citations

Psychological Stress and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus

1986 • 147 citations

The Effects of Age on the Plasma Catecholamine Response to Mental Stress in Man*

1982 • 146 citations

Changes in saliva testosterone after psychological stimulation in men

1985 • 144 citations

Surgical stress in humans is acompanied by an increase in plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity

1981 • 143 citations

Psychoneuroendocrine stress responses and mood as related to the menstrual cycle.

1985 • 141 citations

Stress, Distress, and Ego Defenses

1970 • 134 citations

Activation Patterns to Aversive Stimulation in Man: Passive Exposure Versus Effort to Control

1985 • 131 citations

Modulation of the immunologic response to acute stress in humans by β‐blockade or benzodiazepines

1996 • 130 citations

Coping style, trait anxiety and cortisol reactivity during mental stress

1991 • 130 citations

Natural Killer Cell Activity and Lymphocyte Function During and After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Relation to the Endocrine Stress Response

1987 • 128 citations

Influence of psychological stress on suckling-induced pulsatile oxytocin release.

1994 • 127 citations

Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascular responses to cold and mental activity

1979 • 125 citations

Neuroendocrine and Immunologic Effects of Unemployment and Job Insecurity

1991 • 123 citations

Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise

1980 • 118 citations

Effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukins-1 beta and 6, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha, anti-diuretic hormone and serum Cortisol

1993 • 114 citations

Stress and psoriasis: psychoendocrine and metabolic reactions in psoriatic patients during standardized stressor exposure.

1985 • 114 citations

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and its relationship to the autonomic nervous system in women with visceral and subcutaneous obesity: Effects of the corticotropin-releasing factor/arginine-vasopressin test and of stress

1996 • 110 citations

Time kinetics of the endocrine response to acute psychological stress.

1996 • 105 citations

Psychobiological Aspects of Life Stress

1980 • 103 citations

Adrenal Cortical Response to Stress at Three Mile Island

1984 • 102 citations

Comparison of urinary and plasma catecholamine responses to mental stress

1983 • 101 citations

A Psychiatric Study of Amputees

1982 • 101 citations

White collar work load and cortisol: Disruption of a circadian rhythm by job stress?

1979 • 100 citations

Quality of Life and Cognitive Function in Patients with Pituitary Insufficiency

1998 • 99 citations

Heart rate reactivity as a predictor of neuroendocrine responses to aversive and appetitive challenges.

1990 • 97 citations

MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA CATECHOLAMINE CONCENTRATIONS

1985 • 96 citations

Acute psychological stress increases plasma levels of cortisol, prolactin and TSH

1992 • 92 citations

Endocrine response patterns and psychological correlates

1982 • 91 citations

Attachment style and presence of a romantic partner as moderators of psychophysiological responses to a stressful laboratory situation

1996 • 89 citations

Plasma norepinephrine pharmacokinetics during mental challenge.

1987 • 87 citations

Clinical and Biological Aspects of Bereavement and Loss-Induced Depression: A Reappraisal

1996 • 86 citations

Adverse effects of psychosocial stress on gonadal function and insulin levels in middle‐aged males

1995 • 85 citations

Borderline hypertensives produce exaggerated adrenocortical responses to mental stress.

1994 • 84 citations

Psychological aspects of employment and unemployment

1982 • 83 citations

Long-term unemployment among women in Sweden

1987 • 81 citations

Relationships Between Sex‐Related Psychological Characteristics During Adolescence and Catecholamine Excretion During Achievement Stress

1981 • 80 citations

Cortisol excretion during the defense reaction in humans.

1985 • 76 citations

Psychological Stress, Ego Defenses, and Cortisol Production in Children Hospitalized for Elective Surgery

1979 • 76 citations

A Psychoendocrine Study of Bereavement

1972 • 74 citations

Psychosomatic Aspects of Cushing’s Disease

1998 • 73 citations

Effect of estradiol on the sympathoadrenal response to mental stress in normal men.

1994 • 73 citations

Relationship Between Psychological Defenses and Mean Urinary 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Excretion Rates

1964 • 72 citations

Interindividual differences in the susceptibility of the cortisol system: An important factor for the degree of hypercortisolism in stress situations?

1987 • 71 citations

Catecholamine output in school children as related to performance and adjustment

1973 • 71 citations

Coping, ineffectiveness of coping and the psychoendocrinological stress responses during in-vitro fertilization

1991 • 70 citations

The effect of a specific emotional stressor on prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone concentrations in women varies with their trait anxiety

1989 • 68 citations

Generalizing from Laboratory Studies to Field Studies of Human Stress Physiology

1984 • 68 citations

Arterial-venous differences of plasma catecholamines in man

1980 • 67 citations

Stress and the endocrine hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testis system: A review

1991 • 65 citations

Anxiety and Plasma Cortisol at the Crest of the Circadian Cycle: Reappraisal of a Classical Hypothesis

1978 • 64 citations

Polysomnographic studies of unmedicated depressed men before and after cognitive behavioral therapy

1994 • 59 citations

Catecholamine Output of Males and Females over a One‐Year Period

1974 • 57 citations

The Influence of Academic Stress and Season on 24-Hour Concentrations of Growth Hormone and Prolactin*

1991 • 57 citations

Pathological Mourning after the Death of a Domestic Pet

1977 • 57 citations

Emotional Aspects of Hyperprolactinemia

1998 • 56 citations

Heart Rate Reactivity and Type A Behavior as Modifiers of Physiological Response to Active and Passive Coping

1986 • 56 citations

Relationship between the Hormonal Responses to Activation and Coping

1978 • 56 citations

Dissociation of Adrenal Androgen and Cortisol Levels in Acute Stress

1985 • 54 citations

"Flooding in vivo" during the circadian phase of minimal cortisol secretion: anxiety and therapeutic success without adrenal cortical activation.

1976 • 53 citations

Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to extended laboratory challenge.

1993 • 53 citations

A Psychoendocrine Study of Bereavement

1972 • 52 citations

Work pressure and the type A behavior pattern exam stress in male medical students.

1986 • 51 citations

Endogenous opioids modulate the cardiovascular response to mental stress

1990 • 51 citations

Long-term endocrinologic changes in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program.

1986 • 50 citations

The Stress-, but Not Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Induced Activation of the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Man is Blocked by Alprazolam

1994 • 49 citations

Caffeine may potentiate adrenocortical stress responses in hypertension-prone men.

1989 • 49 citations

Biobehavioral basis of coronary-prone behavior in middle-aged men. Part I: Evidence for chronic SNS activation in Type As.

1991 • 48 citations

Endocrine effects of examination stress

1988 • 47 citations

Anxiety Induced by Flooding Therapy for Phobias Does Not Elicit Prolactin Secretory Response*

1980 • 45 citations

Sex-Related Differences in Resting and Stimulated Plasma Noradrenaline and Adrenaline

1984 • 45 citations

Psychological Features of Acromegaly

1998 • 45 citations

Psychological predictors of neuroendocrine responses to mental stress

1986 • 45 citations

Adrenergic regulation of human adipose tissue metabolism in situ during mental stress.

1993 • 45 citations

Immune variables, depression, and plasma cortisol over time in suddenly bereaved parents

1991 • 45 citations

β-Adrenoceptor responsiveness and plasma catecholamines as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress

1985 • 44 citations

Do plasma norepinephrine levels reflect behavioral stress?

1987 • 44 citations

Stress and age effects on catecholamines in normal subjects

1981 • 43 citations

The Role of the Endogenous Opioid System in the Human Stress Response

1983 • 41 citations

Sex hormones and stress in the human male

1985 • 40 citations

Urinary free cortisol and separation anxiety early in the course of bereavement and threatened loss

1987 • 38 citations

Time kinetics of the endocrine response to acute psychological stress

1996 • 38 citations

Cortisol Response to Various Stressful Situations: Relationship to Personality Variables and Coping Styles

1988 • 37 citations

PROLACTIN AND STRESS: SOME ENDOCRINE CORRELATES OF PRE‐OPERATIVE ANXIETY

1986 • 36 citations

Platelet peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in repeated stress

1991 • 36 citations

Cortisol elevation and serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in response to adverse job conditions: How are they interrelated?

1990 • 34 citations

Psychological State and Body Size as Determinants of 17-OHCS Excretion

1968 • 34 citations

Bereavement and catecholamines

1986 • 33 citations

Serum-cholesterol: Sex specific psychological correlates during rest and stress

1987 • 33 citations

Psychological Correlates of Growth Hormone Response to Stress

1984 • 33 citations

Insulin response to a short stress period

1989 • 31 citations

Plasma Growth Hormone: Effect of Anxiety During Flooding in Vivo

1979 • 30 citations

Effectiveness of defenses: A significant predictor of cortisol excretion under stress

1988 • 29 citations

Hormonal and cardiovascular variations during a public lecture

1986 • 29 citations

Reversal of an elevated plasma level of prolactin during prolonged psychological stress

1983 • 29 citations

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females

1982 • 29 citations

Premenopausal and postmenopausal women differ in their cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stressors

1989 • 28 citations

Predicting Response to a Reaction Time Task: Heart Rate Reactivity Compared with Type A Behavior

1986 • 28 citations

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion patterns over experimental conditions

1980 • 26 citations

Cardiovascular Fitness and Selected Adrenal Hormone Responses to Cognitive Stress

1988 • 26 citations

The dexamethasone suppression test in acute grief

1986 • 25 citations

Comparison of neuroendocrine measurements under laboratory and naturalistic conditions

1990 • 25 citations

Endocrine and behavioral responses to psychological stress in hyderandrogenic women

1991 • 25 citations

Autonomic response to an experimental psychological stressor in healthy subjects: measurement of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and pituary-adrenal parameters: test-retest reliability

1990 • 25 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test and depressive symptoms in bereaved children: a preliminary report

1990 • 24 citations

Neuropsychiatry and Pituitary Disease: An Overview

1998 • 23 citations

The CRH stimulation test in bereaved subjects with and without accompanying depression

1988 • 23 citations

Personality, Endocrine and Immune Changes after Eight Months in Healthy Individuals under Normal Daily Stress

1994 • 22 citations

Neuroendocrine and Immunological Responses of Women to Stress

1995 • 22 citations

The Relationship between Daily Stress and Urinary Cortisol in a Normal Population: An Emphasis on Individual Differences

1993 • 22 citations

Biological correlates of mental stress related to anticipated caesarean section

1990 • 22 citations

Beta‐adrenoceptor blockade and psychic stress in man. A comparison of the acute effects of labetalol, metoprolol, pindolol and propranolol on plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

1982 • 22 citations

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test during Bereavement

1984 • 22 citations

Intra-individual patterns of hormonal and affective adaptation to work demands: an n = 2 study of junior doctors

1996 • 22 citations

The Effects of Psychosocial Stress on Urinary, Excretion of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in 51- to 55- and, 71- to 74-Year-Old Men

1981 • 20 citations

Examination stress affects plasma levels of TSH and thyroid hormones differently in females and males.

1987 • 20 citations

Dexamethasone suppression test in acute grief reaction

1984 • 20 citations

Catecholaminergic, Neuroendocrine and Anxiety Responses to Acute Psychological Stress in Healthy Subjects: Influence of Alprazolam Administration

1996 • 18 citations

The variability of the serum estradiol level in men: effect of stress (college examinations) 9 cigarette smoking, and coffee drinking on the serum sex hormone and other hormone levels

1992 • 17 citations

Hormonal and blood glucose responsiveness as an indicator of specific emotional arousal in type 1 diabetics

1993 • 16 citations

Examination stress decreases plasma level of luteinizing hormone in male students.

1988 • 15 citations

Premedication Abolishes the Increase in Plasma Beta-endorphin Observed in the Immediate Preoperative Period

1987 • 15 citations

Psychoneuroendocrine responses to mental load in an achievement-oriented task

1983 • 14 citations

Sex differences in prolactin change during mourning

1987 • 13 citations

Neurobehavioral Functioning of Adults with Pituitary Disease

1998 • 13 citations

Urine and plasma corticosteroids, psychological tests, and effectiveness of psychological defenses

1970 • 11 citations

Serum Cholesterol and Thyroxine in Young Women during Mental Stress

2009 • 11 citations

[Hormonal changes during relaxation].

1984 • 11 citations

Psychological state and body size as determinants of 17-OHCS excretion

1968 • 11 citations

Psycho-Endocrinological Reactions in Female Relatives of Cancer Patients: Effects of an activation programme

1987 • 11 citations

From the Lesson of Harvey Gushing to Current Knowledge: Psychosocial Aspects of Endocrine Disease

1997 • 9 citations

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF STRESS AND THE ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEM

1982 • 8 citations

Influence of Pituitary Disease on Sexual Development and Functioning

1998 • 4 citations

Response of plasma cortisol and β-endorphin immunoreactivity to surgical stress

1982 • 2 citations

[Sex specific stress reactions in students during final examinations].

1989 • 2 citations