Probing membrane potential with nonlinear optics

Mechanism by which cyanine dyes measure membrane potential in red blood cells and phosphatidylcholine vesicles

1974 • 949 citations

Changes in axon fluorescence during activity: Molecular probes of membrane potential

1974 • 448 citations

Connective tissue polarity. Optical second-harmonic microscopy, crossed-beam summation, and small-angle scattering in rat-tail tendon

1986 • 428 citations

Spectra, membrane binding, and potentiometric responses of new charge shift probes

1985 • 384 citations

Evidence for a charge-shift electrochromic mechanism in a probe of membrane potential

1979 • 183 citations

Mechanism of the membrane potential sensitivity of the fluorescent membrane probe merocyanine 540

1978 • 158 citations

Charge shift optical probes of membrane potential. Theory

1978 • 140 citations

Second-harmonic generation in purple membrane-poly(vinyl alcohol) films: probing the dipolar characteristics of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore in bR570 and M412

1989 • 119 citations

Optical second‐harmonic scattering in rat‐tail tendon

1981 • 110 citations

Second-harmonic generation in transition-metal-organic compounds

1986 • 92 citations

Determination of the absolute orientation of the retinylidene chromophore in purple membrane by a second-harmonic interference technique

1989 • 74 citations

Nonlinear optical properties of potential sensitive styryl dyes

1988 • 59 citations