The nature of arousal in sleep

A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects

1968 • 11,801 citations

Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG

1949 • 4,188 citations

Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen

1929 • 3,938 citations

Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation

2008 • 3,914 citations

The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay.

1988 • 1,743 citations

A novel slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components.

1993 • 1,683 citations

The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness

2001 • 1,609 citations

A novel slow (&lt; 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components

1993 • 1,500 citations

Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study

1997 • 1,252 citations

Sleep Cycle Oscillation: Reciprocal Discharge by Two Brainstem Neuronal Groups

1975 • 1,216 citations

Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep

1990 • 1,188 citations

Principles and practice of sleep medicine

2001 • 1,163 citations

Basic mechanisms of cerebral rhythmic activities

1990 • 1,135 citations

Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming

1996 • 1,128 citations

The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process

1977 • 913 citations

Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats

1976 • 902 citations

Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation

2000 • 804 citations

THE RETICULAR FORMATION REVISITED

1959 • 741 citations

Lectures on conditioned reflexes

1928 • 717 citations

Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep

2001 • 710 citations

Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: a structural and mathematical model

1975 • 636 citations

Sleep Disorders: Disorders of Arousal?

1968 • 630 citations

Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes.

1929 • 593 citations

Low-frequency (&lt;1Hz) oscillations in the human sleep electroencephalogram

1997 • 570 citations

Cumulative Effects of Sleep Restriction on Daytime Sleepiness

1981 • 514 citations

Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG PET study

1997 • 499 citations

The Cyclic Alternating Pattern as a Physiologic Component of Normal NREM Sleep

1985 • 487 citations

A Preliminary Report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association

1992 • 485 citations

Dissociated Pattern of Activity in Visual Cortices and Their Projections During Human Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

1998 • 478 citations

The sleep-waking cycle

1972 • 476 citations

Heart rate variability: sleep stage, time of night, and arousal influences

1997 • 410 citations

Effect of Sleep Disruption on Sleep, Performance, and Mood

1985 • 360 citations

Responses to auditory stimulation, sleep loss and the EEG stages of sleep

1964 • 360 citations

The K-complex: Its slow (&lt;1-Hz) rhythmicity and relation to delta waves

1997 • 329 citations

Cardiac activation during arousal in humans: further evidence for hierarchy in the arousal response

2000 • 311 citations

Sleep Bruxism is a Disorder Related to Periodic Arousals During Sleep

1998 • 306 citations

A differential brain response to the subject's own name persists during sleep

1999 • 303 citations

Origin and Significance of the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP)

2000 • 284 citations

SYMPATHETIC MUSCLE NERVE ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP IN MAN

1991 • 282 citations

Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography

1989 • 280 citations

The effect of nonvisible sleep fragmentation on daytime function.

1997 • 275 citations

Handbook of Sleep Disorders

1991 • 266 citations

Coalescence of sleep rhythms and their chronology in corticothalamic networks.

1998 • 260 citations

The pedunculopontine nucleus—Auditory input, arousal and pathophysiology

1995 • 231 citations

Time course of EEG power density during long sleep in humans

1990 • 225 citations

Evidence that Experimentally Induced Sleep Bruxism is a Consequence of Transient Arousal

2003 • 219 citations

Effect of Age on EEG Arousals in Normal Sleep

1998 • 216 citations

The form, voltage distribution and physiological significance of the K-complex

1956 • 215 citations

The Evoked Heart Rate Response to Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep

1999 • 204 citations

Autonomic markers of arousal during sleep in patients undergoing investigation for obstructive sleep apnoea, their relationship to EEG arousals, respiratory events and subjective sleepiness

1998 • 189 citations

The Cyclic Alternating Pattern Plays a Gate-Control on Periodic Limb Movements During Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

1996 • 183 citations

The cyclic alternating pattern sequences in the dynamic organization of sleep

1988 • 175 citations

Human Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep

1991 • 163 citations

Dynamics of Slow-Wave Activity During the NREM Sleep of Sleepwalkers and Control Subjects

2000 • 163 citations

Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in Humans

2001 • 159 citations

Arousal fluctuations in non-rapid eye movement parasomnias: the role of cyclic alternating pattern as a measure of sleep instability.

1995 • 156 citations

Polysomnographic Analysis of Arousal Responses in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Means of the Cyclic Alternating Pattern

1996 • 153 citations

Sleep arousal response to experimental thermal stimulation during sleep in human subjects free of pain and sleep problems

2000 • 152 citations

Multisecond Oscillations in Firing Rate in the Basal Ganglia: Robust Modulation by Dopamine Receptor Activation and Anesthesia

1999 • 150 citations

Analysis of Polysomnographic Events Surrounding 252 Slow-Wave Sleep Arousals in Thirty-Eight Adults With Injurious Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors

1998 • 149 citations

Arousal responses from apneic events during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep.

1995 • 148 citations

Arousal Fluctuations in Non-Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias

1995 • 148 citations

Clinical applications of cyclic alternating pattern

1993 • 147 citations

Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in normal sleep: polysomnographic parameters in different age groups

1998 • 145 citations

Evoked potentials as a tool for the investigation of human sleep

1999 • 141 citations

Auditory information processing during human sleep as revealed by event-related brain potentials

2001 • 139 citations

Increased Production of Evoked and Spontaneous K-complexes Following a Night of Fragmented Sleep

2002 • 135 citations

Time-dependent variation in cerebral and autonomic activity during periodic leg movements in sleep: implications for arousal mechanisms

2002 • 135 citations

Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome

2000 • 134 citations

Hierarchy of micro-arousals and the microstructure of sleep

1998 • 132 citations

Entre le cristal et la fumée : essai sur l'organisation du vivant

1979 • 127 citations

CAP variables and arousals as sleep electroencephalogram markers for primary insomnia

2003 • 127 citations

Sleep and wakefulness in somnambulism

2001 • 126 citations

Experimental sleep fragmentation in normal subjects

1987 • 126 citations

BRAIN MECHANISMS AND CONSCIOUSNESS

1955 • 125 citations

Modifications of sleep structure induced by increasing levels of acoustic perturbation in normal subjects

1990 • 121 citations

Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and epilepsy during sleep: how a physiological rhythm modulates a pathological event

2000 • 121 citations

The orienting reflex during waking and sleeping

1967 • 121 citations

Human cerebral potentials associated with REM sleep rapid eye movements: links to PGO waves and waking potentials

1983 • 119 citations

Is the appearance of mismatch negativity during stage 2 sleep related to the elicitation of K-complex?

1994 • 117 citations

Cyclic alternating pattern and spectral analysis of heart rate variability during normal sleep

2000 • 117 citations

Brain Processing of Stimulus Deviance During Slow-Wave and Paradoxical Sleep

1995 • 116 citations

SPONTANEOUS ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY DURING WAKING AND SLEEPING

1966 • 115 citations

Fragmenting sleep diminishes its recuperative value.

1987 • 115 citations

The Evoked K-Complex: All-or-None Phenomenon?

1992 • 115 citations

Modulation of Generalized Spike‐and‐Wave Discharges During Sleep by Cyclic Alternating Pattern

1989 • 115 citations

Activation of a distinct arousal state immediately after spontaneous awakening from sleep

1997 • 113 citations

Neurobiological structure of the revised limit cycle reciprocal interaction model of REM cycle control

1992 • 111 citations

Polysomnographic effects of hypnotic drugs

1996 • 110 citations

Spike-wave discharge and the microstructure of sleep-wake continuum in idiopathic generalised epilepsy

2002 • 109 citations

Performance and sleepiness following moderate sleep disruption and slow wave sleep deprivation

1986 • 105 citations

Brain Electrical Activity and Sensory Processing during Waking and Sleep States

2005 • 104 citations

The spontaneous K-complex during stage 2 sleep: is it the ‘forerunner’ of delta waves?

2000 • 103 citations

Phasic Events and Dynamic Organization of Sleep

1992 • 101 citations

Microarousals in patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome

1997 • 101 citations

On the Nature of Cardiovascular Activation at an Arousal from Sleep

2003 • 98 citations

CAP and arousals in the structural development of sleep: an integrative perspective

2002 • 98 citations

EEG arousals and awakenings in relation with periodic leg movements during sleep

2000 • 97 citations

Functional brain imaging of human sleep

1998 • 94 citations

Monotonous stimulation, sleep onset and habituation of the orienting reaction

1971 • 91 citations

Relationship of Slow and Rapid EEG Components of CAP to ASDA Arousals in Normal Sleep

2001 • 88 citations

CAP components and EEG synchronization in the first 3 sleep cycles

2000 • 88 citations

NOCTURNAL EEG‐GSR PROFILES: THE INFLUENCE OF PRESLEEP STATES

1967 • 88 citations

Daytime Sleepiness and Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients: Effects of Chronic Treatment and 1-Night Therapy Withdrawal

1995 • 85 citations

Extension of the Limit Cycle Reciprocal Interaction Model of REM cycle control. An integrated sleep control model

1992 • 85 citations

Increasing PGO spike density by auditory stimulation increases the duration and decreases the latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

1983 • 84 citations

Preoptic area sleep-regulating mechanisms.

2001 • 83 citations

Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum-cholinergic cell area in the cat. I. Effects upon the cholinergic innervation of the brain

1988 • 83 citations

Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep

2002 • 82 citations

Quantitative analysis of sleep EEG microstructure in the time–frequency domain

2004 • 81 citations

Arousal, EEG spectral power and pulse transit time in UARS and mild OSAS subjects

2002 • 80 citations

Sleep patterns in the young adult female: An EEG study

1966 • 80 citations

Evaluation of EEG Cyclic Alternating Pattern during Sleep in Insomniacs and Controls under Placebo and Acute Treatment with Zolpidem

1992 • 80 citations

AUTONOMIC CORRELATES OF THE SPONTANEOUS K‐COMPLEX

1968 • 79 citations

Sleep cyclic alternating pattern in normal school-age children

2002 • 78 citations

Arousals without awakening—Dynamic aspect of sleep

1993 • 77 citations

The impact of cyclic alternating pattern on heart rate variability during sleep in healthy young adults

2000 • 77 citations

Activation of partial seizures with motor signs during cyclic alternating pattern in human sleep

1991 • 77 citations

Are Microarousals Preceded by Electroencephalographic Slow Wave Synchronization Precursors of Confusional Awakenings?

1985 • 75 citations

A MEG study of sleep

2000 • 75 citations

Phasic events and dynamic organization of sleep

1991 • 74 citations

The electrodermogram (Tarchanoff effect) during sleep

1965 • 73 citations

Within-night variation in respiratory effort preceding apnea termination and EEG delta power in sleep apnea

1998 • 73 citations

Fragmenting Sleep Diminishes Its Recuperative Value

1987 • 72 citations

Ultra-slow oscillation (0.025 Hz) triggers hippocampal afterdischarges in Wistar rats

1999 • 72 citations

Cardiac and respiratory activity at arousal from sleep under controlled ventilation conditions

2001 • 70 citations

Arterial Blood Pressure Response to Transient Arousals From NREM Sleep in Nonapneic Snorers With Sleep Fragmentation

1998 • 70 citations

SOME AFFERENT DIENCEPHALIC PATHWAYS RELATED TO CORTICAL POTENTIALS IN THE CAT

1940 • 67 citations

Cyclic Alternating Pattern as a Provocative Factor in Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia

1997 • 65 citations

Multidrug Comparison (Lorazepam, Triazolam, Zolpidem, and Zopiclone) in Situational Insomnia

1997 • 65 citations

Periodic K-Alpha Sleep EEG Activity and Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep: Comparisons of Clinical Features and Sleep Parameters

1996 • 64 citations

Long latency evoked potential components in human slow wave sleep

1988 • 63 citations

Micro-arousals during nocturnal sleep.

1979 • 62 citations

Body motility during sleep and its relation to the K-complex

1968 • 62 citations

K‐complexes: are they signs of arousal or sleep protective?

1995 • 61 citations

Lucid Dreaming and Alpha Activity: A Preliminary Report

1982 • 59 citations

K-complex formation of the EEG in sleep. A survey and new examinations.

1985 • 59 citations

K-complex evoked in NREM sleep is accompanied by a slow negative potential related to cognitive process

1995 • 58 citations

Cholinergic mechanisms involved in cortical activation during arousal

1975 • 58 citations

Sleep reactivity during acute nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

2000 • 55 citations

Falling Asleep Open-eyed During Intense Rhythmic Stimulation

1960 • 50 citations

Comparison Between Visual Scoring of Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) and Computerized Assessment of Slow EEG Oscillations in the Transition from Light to Deep Non-REM Sleep

1997 • 49 citations

Respiratory and Arousal Responses to Acoustic Stimulation

1997 • 49 citations

Very slow oscillatory activities in lateral geniculate neurons of freely moving and anesthetized rats

1998 • 48 citations

A new method for detecting state changes in the EEG: exploratory application to sleep data

1998 • 47 citations

Respiratory Physiology: Control of Ventilation

2005 • 47 citations

Sleep in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: the role oft the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in the gate control of clinical seizures and generalized polyspikes

2001 • 46 citations

Human sleep-electroencephalogram: A damped oscillatory phenomenon

1972 • 45 citations

A Neuronal Transition Probability Model for the Evolution of Power in the Sigma and Delta Frequency Bands of Sleep EEG

1997 • 45 citations

Arousal, Increased respiratory efforts, blood pressure and obstructive sleep apnoea

1995 • 45 citations

Substituent effects on the mechanical quality factor of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 and Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 ceramics

2001 • 44 citations

Relationship between Delta, Sigma, Beta, and Gamma EEG bands at REM sleep onset and REM sleep end

2001 • 43 citations

Spontaneous and elicited PGO spikes in rats

1981 • 42 citations

Functional dissociation of the early and late portions of human K-complexes

2000 • 42 citations

Cyclic alternating pattern and positive airway pressure titration

2002 • 41 citations

Periodic amplitude modulation of EEG

1992 • 38 citations

The Cyclic Alternating Pattern Decreases as a Consequence of Total Sleep Deprivation and Correlates with EEG Arousals

2002 • 38 citations

Effects of prolonged wakefulness on cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) during sleep recovery at different circadian phases

1993 • 37 citations

Cyclical activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep: A proposed arousal inhibitory mechanism

1993 • 36 citations

Alpha burst activity during human REM sleep: descriptive study and functional hypotheses

2000 • 35 citations

Effect of sleep deprivation on NREM sleep ERPs and related activity at sleep onset

2002 • 35 citations

SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERIPHERAL VASOMOTOR AND E.E.G. CHANGES

1957 • 33 citations

Responses of VPL thalamic neurones to peripheral stimulation in wakefulness and sleep

1989 • 30 citations

The amplitude of elicited PGO waves: a correlate of orienting

1993 • 29 citations

The Case of a Missing PLM

2000 • 28 citations

Sleep stage-related changes in sympathetic sudomotor and vasomotor skin responses in man

2000 • 28 citations

Brainstem stimulation during sleep evokes abnormal rhythmic activity in thalamic neurons in feline penicillin epilepsy

1996 • 27 citations

Ultradian periodicities in EEG and behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

1984 • 26 citations

Modification of REM sleep behavior by REMs contingent auditory stimulation in man

1986 • 26 citations

Studies of Spontaneous Electro dermal Responses in Sleep

1976 • 25 citations

Sensitivity of Cyclic Alternating Pattern to Prolonged Pharmacotherapy

1997 • 24 citations

The effects of tones on PGO waves in slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep

1989 • 24 citations

EEG arousals and awakenings in relation with periodic leg movements during sleep

2000 • 23 citations

Brain activation, then (1949) and now: coherent fast rhythms in corticothalamic networks.

1995 • 23 citations

Is the EEG Cyclic Alternating Pattern a True Autonomous Entity?

1982 • 21 citations

EEG arousal pattern in habitual snorers with and without obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

1995 • 19 citations

Transient cardiorespiratory events during NREM sleep: A feline model for human microarousals

2000 • 18 citations

Vertex sharp waves and heart action during the onset of sleep

1971 • 17 citations

Distribution of skin potential responses according to states of sleep during the first months of life in human babies

1976 • 16 citations

Sleep phasic events in dysthymic patients: A comparative study with normal controls

1993 • 16 citations

Sleep Onset Facilitation by Tones

1978 • 15 citations

Assessment Of Noise-induced Sleep Fragility In Two Age Ranges By Means Of Polysomnographic Microstructure

1993 • 15 citations

Periodic arousals or periodic limb movements during sleep?

2002 • 15 citations

Spontaneous Electrodermal Activity During Sleep in Man: An Intranight Study

1983 • 14 citations

T-Sleep: An Improved Method for Scoring Breathing-Disordered Sleep

1992 • 14 citations

[Correlation between occurrences of spontaneous K-complex and the two physiological rhythms of cardiac and respiratory cycles (author's transl)].

1980 • 13 citations

Insomnia and Fronto-Basal Tumor: A Case Report

2001 • 9 citations

Oscillatory electrographic activity in the hippocampus: A mathematical model

1980 • 8 citations

[EDG spontaneous activity and sleep stages in premature infants. Polygraphic study].

1970 • 3 citations

Fragmentation du sommeil chez le patient éprouvant de la douleur

2003 • 1 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations