Epidural steroid therapy for back and leg pain: mechanisms of action and efficacy

Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation.

1990 • 2,436 citations

Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation.

1990 • 1,965 citations

Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1.

1986 • 1,501 citations

Cachectin: More Than a Tumor Necrosis Factor

1987 • 1,457 citations

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts.

1985 • 1,240 citations

Lumbar Disc Herniation

1983 • 1,148 citations

A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1.

1992 • 727 citations

Abnormal Magnetic-Resonance Scans of the Lumbar Spine in Asymptomatic Subjects

1990 • 683 citations

Epidural Corticosteroid Injections for Sciatica Due to Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

1997 • 583 citations

The Effect of Nerve-Root Injections on the Need for Operative Treatment of Lumbar Radicular Pain

2000 • 580 citations

High Levels of Inflammatory Phospholipase A2 Activity in Lumbar Disc Herniations

1990 • 580 citations

Local corticosteroid application blocks transmission in normal nociceptive C‐fibres

1990 • 567 citations

Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections in Lumbosacral Radiculopathy

2002 • 521 citations

The Innervation of the Lumbar Spine

1983 • 515 citations

Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology of Nerve Root Compression

1984 • 496 citations

Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: A physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression

1977 • 483 citations

Lymphokines

1987 • 459 citations

Periradicular Infiltration for Sciatica

2001 • 417 citations

Epidural Injections for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Low-Back Pain

1980 • 385 citations

Phospholipase A2 — a mediator between proximal and distal effectors of inflammation

1991 • 384 citations

Extradural Corticosteroid Injection in Management of Lumbar Nerve Root Compression

1973 • 371 citations

Abnormal Myelograms in Asymptomatic Patients

1968 • 358 citations

Fluoroscopic transforaminal lumbar epidural steroids: An outcome study

1998 • 356 citations

A Controlled Study of Caudal Epidural Injections of Triamcinolone Plus Procaine for the Management of Intractable Sciatica

1991 • 328 citations

Epidural steroid injections for low back pain and lumbosacral radiculopathy

1986 • 280 citations

Correct placement of epidural steroid injections: fluoroscopic guidance and contrast administration.

1991 • 276 citations

A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Epidural Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Sciatica

1995 • 263 citations

Fluoroscopically Guided Lumbar Transformational Epidural Steroid Injections in Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis

2002 • 238 citations

The neuropathology of intervertebral discs removed for low‐back pain

1980 • 225 citations

Prognosis in Sciatica: A Clinical Follow-Up of Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatment

1970 • 221 citations

Response to Steroid and Duration of Radicular Pain as Predictors of Surgical Outcome

1992 • 219 citations

The Pain of Discography

1988 • 219 citations

Human Disc Phospholipase A2 is Inflammatory

1992 • 212 citations

OUTPATIENT LUMBAR EPIDURAL CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SCIATICA

1988 • 207 citations

Endothelial cell killing by neutrophils. Synergistic interaction of oxygen products and proteases.

1989 • 199 citations

Neuropeptides in the human intervertebral disc

1994 • 188 citations

Double Blind Evaluation of Extradural Methyl Prednisolone for Herniated Lumbar Discs

1977 • 186 citations

The Effect of Epidural Injection of Betamethasone or Bupivacaine in a Rat Model of Lumbar Radiculopathy

1998 • 176 citations

Expression of functional IL 2 receptors by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated human monocytes.

1987 • 176 citations

INTRASACRAL EPIDURAL INJECTION IN THE TREATMENT OF SCIATICA.

1930 • 156 citations

Advances in pain research and therapy, Vol. 1

1977 • 151 citations

Clinical Classification as a Predictor of Therapeutic Outcome After Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection

1993 • 151 citations

Epidural Corticosteroid Injection in the Conservative Management of Sciatica

2000 • 144 citations

Neural Mechanisms of Lumbar Pain

1995 • 138 citations

Nerve Roots and Spinal Nerves in Degenerative Disk Disease

1977 • 137 citations

Injection Techniques for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain

1983 • 136 citations

LUMBAR EPIDURAL INJECTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF SCIATICA

1984 • 134 citations

Histologic Changes in Spinal Nerve Roots of Operated Cases of Sciatica

1951 • 133 citations

Effect of Nucleus Pulposus on the Neural Activity of Dorsal Root Ganglion

2001 • 127 citations

Neuroimmunohistochemical Analysis of Peridiscal Nociceptive Neural Elements

1990 • 122 citations

The proinflammatory effect of intra-articular injection of soluble human and venom phospholipase A2.

1989 • 107 citations

PAIN CLINIC II

1973 • 107 citations

Dexamethasone in the management of symptoms due to herniated lumbar disc.

1975 • 99 citations

Treatment of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy with Epidural Steroids

1999 • 98 citations

Spine Update Epidural Steroids

1995 • 97 citations

Spinal Nerve Injury in Dorso-Lateral Protrusions of Lumbar Disks

1948 • 96 citations

Multiple control of inflammation by glucocorticoids

1986 • 93 citations

Induction of an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) on monocytic cells. Evidence that the receptor is not encoded by a T cell-type IL-1R mRNA.

1990 • 88 citations

Spinal nerve root compression

1991 • 85 citations

A study of extradural medication in the relief of the lumbosciatic syndrome

1970 • 84 citations

Asymptomatic intervertebral disc protrusions

1956 • 79 citations

The Effects of Epidural Injection of Local Anesthetics and Corticosteroids on Patients with Lumbosciatic Pain

1984 • 79 citations

Hydrocortisone and ‘macrocortin’ inhibit the zymosan-induced release of lyso-PAF from rat peritoneal leucocytes

1985 • 78 citations

COMPLICATIONS FROM INTRATHECAL STEROID THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2009 • 77 citations

Neuropeptide Changes in Compressed Spinal Nerve Roots

1995 • 72 citations

Management of Diskogenic Pain Using Epidural and Intrathecal Steroids

1977 • 70 citations

Outcome Assessment After Epidural Corticosteroid Injection for Low Back Pain and Sciatica

1993 • 70 citations

Secretory products of phagocytes

1988 • 68 citations

Transient Paralysis Associated with Epidural Steroid Injection

1997 • 67 citations

Factors associated with failure of lumbar epidural steroids.

1993 • 64 citations

Low Back Pain Patients Unresponsive to an Epidural Steroid Injection

1991 • 62 citations

Dangers of Spinal Injections Without Proper Diagnosis

1966 • 60 citations

A Rational Approach to the use of Epidural Medication in the Treatment of Sciatic Pain

1978 • 54 citations

Polyethylene failure of metal—backed patellar components: 111 AGC total knees followedfor 7-22 months

1991 • 54 citations

Sciatica: Treatment With Epidural Injections of Procaine and Hydrocortisone

1960 • 52 citations

Chronic lumbosciatic syndrome treated by epidural injection and manipulation.

1972 • 47 citations

Mechanical Thresholds for Initiation and Persistence of Pain Following Nerve Root Injury: Mechanical and Chemical Contributions at Injury

2004 • 37 citations

Secretory synovial fluid phospholipase A2 and its role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in arthritis.

1988 • 34 citations

Intractable Sciatica. The Sacral Epidural Injection; An Effective Method of Giving Relief.

1925 • 34 citations

Pain Clinic II

1972 • 33 citations

Epidural injection therapy for sciatic pain

1944 • 32 citations

Dexamethasone modulation of LPS, IL-1, and TNF stimulated serum amyloid A synthesis in mice.

1988 • 32 citations

Epidural application of cortico-steroids in low-back pain and sciatica

1987 • 31 citations

EPIDURAL INJECTIONS IN THE LUMBOSCIATIC SYNDROME

1961 • 30 citations

The Role of Epidural Cortisone Injection in the Treatment of Diskogenic Low Back Pain

1980 • 30 citations

Membrane differentiation in rat dorsal root ganglia and possible consequences for back pain

1984 • 26 citations

Lumbar Epidural Injection of Steroid in Acute Prolapsed Intervertebral Discs

1992 • 25 citations

Corticosteroids and neuromuscular transmission: Electrophysiological investigation of the effects of prednisolone on normal and anticholinesterase-treated neuromuscular junction

1979 • 24 citations

EXTRADURAL CORTICOSTEROID INFILTRATION

1967 • 24 citations

Tuberculous Meningitis After Intrathecally Administered Methylprednisolone Acetate

1967 • 23 citations

Clinical and myelographic studies of conservatively treated cases of lumbar intervertebral disk protrusion.

1952 • 21 citations

Caudal extradural injection for the treatment of low back pain

1980 • 20 citations

The treatment of low back pain and sciatica with epidural corticosteroids injection and its pathophysiological basis.

1971 • 15 citations

Dangers of spinal injections without proper diagnosis

1966 • 14 citations

Caudal-epidural corticosteroids in post-laminectomy syndrome: treatment for low-back pain.

1975 • 12 citations

Tuberculous meningitis after intrathecally administered methylprednisolone acetate

1967 • 5 citations