The Helmholtz Machine

Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm

1977 • 46,601 citations

Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference

1988 • 17,362 citations

Information theory and statistics

1959 • 7,634 citations

Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning

1992 • 7,018 citations

Adaptive Signal Processing

1991 • 5,295 citations

A Learning Algorithm for Boltzmann Machines*

1985 • 3,285 citations

A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine

1987 • 2,504 citations

Forward Models: Supervised Learning with a Distal Teacher

1992 • 1,460 citations

The "Wake-Sleep" Algorithm for Unsupervised Neural Networks

1995 • 1,100 citations

Learning and Relearning in Boltzmann Machines

2001 • 1,056 citations

Autoencoders, Minimum Description Length and Helmholtz Free Energy

1993 • 1,043 citations

A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines

1985 • 616 citations

Connectionist learning of belief networks

1992 • 549 citations

Self-organizing neural network that discovers surfaces in random-dot stereograms

1992 • 489 citations

Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher

1992 • 361 citations

Modeling the manifolds of images of handwritten digits

1997 • 344 citations

Pattern-recognizing stochastic learning automata

1985 • 309 citations

Dynamic Model of Visual Recognition Predicts Neural Response Properties in the Visual Cortex

1997 • 301 citations

Using generative models for handwritten digit recognition

1996 • 195 citations

Classical equilibrium statistical mechanics

1989 • 172 citations

A new view of the EM algorithm that justifies incremental and other variants

1993 • 165 citations

A Bayesian Analysis of Self-Organizing Maps

1994 • 152 citations

Neuronal architectures for pattern-theoretic problems.

1994 • 151 citations

Varieties of Helmholtz Machine

1996 • 129 citations

Integrated Segmentation and Recognition of Hand-Printed Numerals

1990 • 128 citations

A forward-inverse optics model of reciprocal connections between visual cortical areas

1993 • 124 citations

A Multiple Cause Mixture Model for Unsupervised Learning

1995 • 115 citations

Abrupt learning and retinal size specificity in illusory-contour perception

1997 • 114 citations

The Epistemological Problem for Automata

1956 • 109 citations

A minimum description length framework for unsupervised learning

1994 • 99 citations

Lectures in pattern theory

1978 • 85 citations

Competition and Multiple Cause Models

1995 • 81 citations

A forward-inverse optics model of reciprocal connections between visual cortical areas

1993 • 65 citations

Learning Population Codes by Minimizing Description Length

1995 • 50 citations

Hybrid Modeling, HMM/NN Architectures, and Protein Applications

1996 • 47 citations

Redundancy reduction of a Gabor representation: a possible computational role for feedback from primary visual cortex to lateral geniculate nucleus

1992 • 20 citations

Self-supervised adaptive networks

1992 • 16 citations

Unsupervised Learning of Mixtures of Multiple Causes in Binary Data

1993 • 16 citations