Cerebral Monitoring in the Operating Room and the Intensive Care Unit — An Introductory for the Clinician and a Guide for the Novice Wanting to Open a Window to the Brain

ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system

1993 • 15,424 citations

An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series

1965 • 11,350 citations

The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation

1958 • 6,474 citations

Electroencephalography—Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields

1982 • 3,535 citations

Advances in Pain Research and Therapy

1980 • 2,255 citations

Methods and applications

1953 • 1,648 citations

Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine

1982 • 1,148 citations

Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey

1995 • 692 citations

Guidelines for Carotid Endarterectomy

1995 • 560 citations

EEG Quantitation of Narcotic Effect

1985 • 499 citations

A summation technique for the detection of small evoked potentials

1954 • 486 citations

The sleep-waking cycle

1972 • 476 citations

Correlation of Continuous Electroencephalograms With Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements During Carotid Endarterectomy

1973 • 474 citations

Postoperative neurological deficits may occur despite unchanged intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials

1986 • 447 citations

Central somatosensory conduction in man: Neural generators and interpeak latencies of the far-field components recorded from neck and right or left scalp and earlobes

1980 • 445 citations

Evoked Potentials in Clinical Testing

1983 • 428 citations

A Multicenter Study of Bispectral Electroencephalogram Analysis for Monitoring Anesthetic Effect

1997 • 418 citations

Reduction in the incidence of awareness using BIS monitoring

2003 • 407 citations

Age‐related changes in peripheral and central nerve conduction in man

1979 • 400 citations

COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE KETAMINE ISOMERS

1985 • 382 citations

Approximate Entropy as an Electroencephalographic Measure of Anesthetic Drug Effect during Desflurane Anesthesia

2000 • 366 citations

The ventro‐basal complex of the thalamus: types of cells, their responses and their functional organization

1964 • 355 citations

Cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalograms during carotid endarterectomy

1974 • 342 citations

Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems

1972 • 331 citations

A method of monitoring function in corticospinal pathways during scoliosis surgery with a note on motor conduction velocities.

1986 • 326 citations

Electroencephalographic Quantitation of Opioid Effect

1991 • 325 citations

Bispectral Analysis of the Electroencephalogram Predicts Conscious Processing of Information during Propofol Sedation and Hypnosis

1998 • 323 citations

Advances in Pain Research and Therapy

1980 • 312 citations

Neurophysiologic Effects of General Anesthetics

1973 • 309 citations

Evoked potentials in clinical testing

1982 • 287 citations

The relationship between human long-latency somatosensory evoked potentials recorded from the cortical surface and from the scalp

1992 • 263 citations

Brainstem auditory and, shortrlatency somatosensory evoked responses in brain death

1981 • 255 citations

Relation between EEG, regional cerebral blood flow and internal carotid artery pressure during carotid endarterectomy

1973 • 252 citations

Clinical Uses of Cerebral, Brainstem and Spinal Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials

1981 • 248 citations

Effects of High-dose Fentanyl Anesthesia on the Electroencephalogram

1981 • 228 citations

Performance of the ARX-derived Auditory Evoked Potential Index as an Indicator of Anesthetic Depth

2002 • 228 citations

Motor evoked potential monitoring during spinal surgery: responses of distal limb muscles to transcranial cortical stimulation with pulse trains

1996 • 227 citations

Spinal cord monitoring.

1989 • 221 citations

Ability of the Bispectral Index, Autoregressive Modelling with Exogenous Input-derived Auditory Evoked Potentials, and Predicted Propofol Concentrations to Measure Patient Responsiveness during Anesthesia with Propofol and Remifentanil

2003 • 218 citations

Correlation between dominant EEG frequency, cerebral oxygen uptake and blood flow

1976 • 215 citations

Antioxidants in Therapy and Preventive Medicine

1990 • 215 citations

Multicenter retrospective review of results and complications of carotid endarterectomy in 1981.

1986 • 209 citations

Propofol Reduces Perioperative Remifentanil Requirements in a Synergistic Manner

2003 • 188 citations

Changes in EEG Spectral Edge Frequency Correlate with the Hemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Intubation

1987 • 179 citations

Quantitative EEG Correlations with Brain Glucose Metabolic Rate during Anesthesia in Volunteers

1998 • 175 citations

Measurement of Spinal Cord Ischemia During Operations upon the Thoracic aorta

1982 • 174 citations

Ketamine-induced Electroconvulsive Phenomena in the Human Limbic and Thalamic Regions

1973 • 173 citations

INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING OF EVOKED POTENTIALS

1982 • 173 citations

Protection against experimental ischemic spinal cord injury

1986 • 170 citations

Pharmacodynamic modeling of the EEG effects of ketamine and its enantiomers in man

1987 • 170 citations

Prognostic implications of early multimodality evoked potentials in severely head-injured patients

1981 • 169 citations

Prevention of neurological damage during open-heart surgery.

1975 • 163 citations

The Neurophysiology of Anesthesia

1967 • 163 citations

Electroencephalogram Approximate Entropy Correctly Classifies the Occurrence of Burst Suppression Pattern as Increasing Anesthetic Drug Effect

2000 • 161 citations

Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia

1999 • 161 citations

Monitoring of Sensory Evoked Potentials during Neurosurgical Operations: Methods and Applications

1982 • 158 citations

The risk of ischemic spinal cord injury in patients undergoing graft replacement for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms

1996 • 154 citations

Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta

1987 • 154 citations

Prognostic Value of Computerized EEG Analysis during Carotid Endarterectomy

1983 • 150 citations

Prevention of postoperative thrombotic stroke after carotid endarterectomy: The role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound

1997 • 139 citations

Cutaneous and muscle afferent components of the cerebral potential evoked by electrical stimulation of human peripheral nerves

1981 • 129 citations

Intraoperative Awareness during High-dose Fentanyl-Oxygen Anesthesia

1981 • 126 citations

Benefits, Shortcomings, and Costs of EEG Monitoring

1985 • 123 citations

The Electroencephalographic Pattern during Anesthesia with Ethrane

1971 • 120 citations

Monitoring Cerebral Function

1980 • 114 citations

Intraoperative Detection of Spinal Cord Ischemia Using Somatosensory Cortical Evoked Potentials during Thoracic Aortic Occlusion

1982 • 114 citations

EEG MONITORING AND EVOKED POTENTIALS IN BRAIN ISCHAEMIA

1985 • 113 citations

Bispectral index monitoring quantifies depth of sedation during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia in children

2004 • 113 citations

SPECTRAL EDGE FREQUENCY — A NEW CORRELATE OF ANESTHETIC DEPTH

1980 • 111 citations

Evoked cortical potentials in patients with “isoelectric” EEGs

1973 • 110 citations

Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta. I. Relationship of aortic cross-clamp duration, changes in somatosensory evoked potentials, and incidence of neurologic dysfunction.

1987 • 109 citations

Surgical Stimulation Induces Changes in Brain Electrical Activity during Isoflurane/Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia

1994 • 108 citations

The Electroencephalogram in Man Anesthetized with Forane

1971 • 107 citations

Somatosensory evoked potentials following stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in man

1979 • 106 citations

Prevention of Reperfusion Injury of the Ischemic Spinal Cord: Use of Recombinant Superoxide Dismutase

1986 • 102 citations

Event-related potential correlates of analgesia; comparison of fentanyl, acupuncture, and nitrous oxide

1982 • 102 citations

Spinal Cord Monitoring as a Clinical Utilization of the Spinal Evoked Potential

1984 • 101 citations

Modulation of Pain-Related Somatosensory Evoked Potentials by General Anesthesia

1990 • 100 citations

On Awakening Paralyzed During Surgery

1975 • 93 citations

Etomidate

1977 • 92 citations

Intra-operative monitoring and internal shunts: are they necessary in carotid endarterectomy?

1982 • 88 citations

Comparative study of cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic side effects of 8 narcotics in dogs. Pethidine, piritramide, morphine, phenoperidine, fentanyl, R 39 209, sufentanil, R 34 995. II. Comparative study on the epileptoid activity of the narcotics used in high and massive doses in curarised and mechanically ventilated dogs.

1979 • 87 citations

Some factors involved in the thalamic control of spontaneous barbiturate spindles

1967 • 85 citations

EEGs during high-dose fentanyl-, sufentanil-, or morphine-oxygen anesthesia.

1984 • 84 citations

Spinal evoked potential in the cat: Effects of asphyxia, strychnine, cord section and compression

1978 • 83 citations

Detection and prevention of intraoperative spinal cord ischemia after cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta: use of somatosensory evoked potentials.

1982 • 83 citations

Quantification of depth of anesthesia by nonlinear time series analysis of brain electrical activity

2000 • 82 citations

Limitations of electroencephalographic monitoring in the detection of cerebral ischemia accompanying carotid endarterectomy

1991 • 79 citations

Evoked Potentials from the Motor Tracts in Humans

1983 • 76 citations

SOMATOSENSORY-EVOKED POTENTIALS DURING BLOCK OF SURGICAL STIMULATION WITH PROPOFOL

1989 • 75 citations

Intraoperative EEG Patterns

1984 • 74 citations

Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine

1987 • 73 citations

Brain evoked potentials as correlates of laboratory pain: A review and perspective

1979 • 71 citations

An electroencephalographic processing algorithm specifically intended for analysis of cerebral electrical activity

1986 • 68 citations

Clinical application of spinal cord action potential measurement

1978 • 67 citations

Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Posterior Circulation Surgery

1983 • 63 citations

Influence of high-dose alfentanil anaesthesia on the electroencephalogram: correlation with plasma concentrations.

1983 • 63 citations

Current Status of Spinal Cord Monitoring

1979 • 61 citations

EVOKED POTENTIAL TESTING

1996 • 61 citations

Monitoring Carotid Test Occlusions with Continuous EEG and Clinical Examination

1993 • 61 citations

Toward a theory of the general-anesthetic-induced phase transition of the cerebral cortex. II. Numerical simulations, spectral entropy, and correlation times

2001 • 61 citations

An open comparison of propofol and enflurane for prolonged abdominal operations

1988 • 60 citations

Narcotrend® and Bispectral Index® Monitor Are Superior to Classic Electroencephalographic Parameters for the Assessment of Anesthetic States during Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia

2003 • 60 citations

Relationship between hemispheric cerebral blood flow, central conduction time, and clinical grade in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

1985 • 60 citations

The significance of somatosensory evoked potentials for localization of unilateral lesions within the cerebral hemispheres

1983 • 60 citations

Trial-to-trial variability of corticospinal volleys in human subjects

1995 • 58 citations

Patient State Index (PSI) measures depth of sedation in intensive care patients

2004 • 56 citations

Central and spinal somatosensory conduction times during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and some observations on the effects of fentanyl and isoflurane anesthesia

1986 • 55 citations

On-line analysis of middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) for monitoring depth of anaesthesia in laboratory rats

1999 • 54 citations

Intraoperative Hypoxia Detected by Evoked Potential Monitoring

1981 • 52 citations

Prediction of depth of sedation and anaesthesia by the Narcotrend TM EEG monitor

2004 • 51 citations

Assessing Propofol Induction of Anesthesia Dose Using Bispectral Index Analysis

2004 • 49 citations

Somatosensory evoked potentials during reversible spinal cord ischemia in man

1984 • 48 citations

Untersuchungen über verschiedene EEG-Parameter als Indikatoren des Narkosezustands

1980 • 48 citations

Entropy during propofol hypnosis, including an episode of wakefulness

2003 • 46 citations

Relation between fentanyl dose and predicted EC 50 of propofol for laryngeal mask insertion

2004 • 45 citations

Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta

1987 • 44 citations

Reversal of fentanyl related respiratory depression with nalbuphine. Effects on the CO2-response curve in man.

1985 • 44 citations

Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine

1986 • 43 citations

Effect of tramadol on depth of anaesthesia

1996 • 42 citations

Monitoring in Anesthesia

1993 • 41 citations

Spinal and cortical evoked potentials following stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in the diagnosis and localization of spinal cord diseases

1984 • 41 citations

Does prostaglandin E1 and superoxide dismutase prevent ischaemic spinal cord injury after thoracic aortic cross-clamping?

1990 • 40 citations

Bispectral Index

1999 • 40 citations

Normal brain stem auditory evoked potentials recorded in sleep apneics during waking and as a function of arterial oxygen saturation during sleep

1981 • 38 citations

Monitoring of Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Carotid Surgery

1998 • 37 citations

Density Modulation—A Technique for the Display of Three-variable Data in Patient Monitoring

1979 • 36 citations

A NEW ANESTHETIC AGENT???FORANE

1973 • 36 citations

Thoracoabdominal and abdominal aortic aneurysms involving celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries

1980 • 36 citations

Lipid solubility, pharmacokinetics, and the EEG: are you better off today than you were four years ago?

1985 • 35 citations

EEG BISPECTRUM PREDICTS MOVEMENT AT INCISION DURING ISOFLURANE OR PROPOFOL ANESTHESIA

1992 • 31 citations

The Narcotrend Index: Classification Algorithm, Correlation with Propofol Effect-Site Concentrations, and Comparison with Spectral Parameters / Der Narcotrend-Index: Klassifikationsalgorithmus, Korrelation mit Propofol-Effekt-Site-Konzentrationen und Vergleich mit Spektralparametern

2004 • 30 citations

Ketamine-induced Convulsions

1972 • 30 citations

Evoked Potential Monitoring

1996 • 28 citations

Intraoperative EEG changes in relation to the surgical procedure during isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia: Hysterectomy versus mastectomy

1996 • 28 citations

Monitoring cerebral function : long-term recordings of cerebral electrical activity

1979 • 28 citations

Metabolic acidosis during profound hypothermia*

1964 • 28 citations

Electroencephalographic Patterns During Anesthesia with Cyclopropane

1953 • 27 citations

No difference in electroencephalographic power spectra or sensory-evoked potentials in patients anaesthetized with desflurane or sevoflurane

2004 • 25 citations

Power Spectral Density of the Electroencephalogram During Halothane and Cyclopropane Anesthesia in Man

1969 • 24 citations

The influence of intravenous anaesthetics on enflurane-induced central nervous system seizure activity

1977 • 24 citations

ELEGTRO‐ENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA

1964 • 21 citations

BISPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF EEG MAY PREDICT ANESTHETIC DEPTH DURING NARCOTIC INDUCTION

1991 • 21 citations

Spinal evoked potential in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic reconstruction: A prognostic indicator of postoperative motor deficit

1993 • 20 citations

ACCURACY OF EEG IN PREDICTING MOVEMENT AT INCISION DURING ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA

1991 • 19 citations

Comparison of Evoked Spinal Potentials by Stimulation of the Sciatic Nerve and the Spinal Cord

1985 • 18 citations

Somatosensory evoked potential, a prognostic tool for the recovery of motor function following malperfusion of the spinal cord: Studies in dogs

1993 • 16 citations

Central Nervous System Monitoring in Anesthesia and Intensive Care

1994 • 15 citations

The Role of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Preventing Postischemic Spinal Cord Injury

1990 • 15 citations

EEG-Powerspektren und evozierte Potentiale unter Alfentanil/Midazolam-Analgosedierung bei Intensivpatienten

1991 • 14 citations

ANABEL: Intelligent blood-gas analysis in the intensive care unit

1989 • 13 citations

EEG monitoring, selective shunting and patch graft angioplasty in carotid endarterectomy. Early and longterm results.

1988 • 12 citations

Artifacts Created by Imbalanced Electrode Impedance

1980 • 10 citations

A Transferrin Variant in a Kindred with Cystic Fibrosis

1981 • 10 citations

Correlation between clinical and electroencephalographic findings during the first stage of nitrous oxide anesthesia.

1963 • 9 citations

Clinical uses of cerebral, brainstem and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials

1981 • 8 citations

No effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on hypnosis in patients anaesthetized with propofol and alfentanil

2003 • 8 citations

Vigilanz, hirnorganisches Psychosyndrom und Pharmakotherapie. Aspekte der Reversibilität

1982 • 8 citations

BRAIN RETRACTION PRESSURE AND CEREBRAL PERFUSION

1980 • 7 citations

Protection from spinal cord injury by intravenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) after one hour occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta.

1989 • 7 citations

Multimodality Neuromonitoring for Carotid Endarterectomy Surgery: Determination of Critical Cerebral Ischemic Thresholds

1998 • 7 citations

THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM UNDER FENTANYL-N2O ANESTHESIA

1979 • 7 citations

Evaluation of a new cerebral function monitor during open-heart surgery.

1983 • 6 citations

The NarcotrendTM, a New EEG Monitor, Allows Faster Emergence and a Reduction of Drug Consumption in Propofol/Remifentanil Anesthesia - A Comparison with Bispectral IndexTM Monitoring and a Standard Anesthetic Practice Group

2002 • 5 citations

[A clinical study on intra-operative spinal cord monitoring with spinal evoked potentials for scoliosis].

1988 • 5 citations

[Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP)].

1997 • 4 citations

Cardiovascular effects on selective perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle in cats with fentanyl, naloxone & methohexital.

1980 • 4 citations

Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) are affected differently by mu- and kappa-selective opioids in the dog.

1987 • 4 citations

IV. Hypoxic encephalopathy.

1967 • 4 citations

211 CONTINUOUS BIS-EEG MONITORING TO EVALUATE DEPTH OF SEDATION IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS

1999 • 3 citations

Narcotrend and Bispectral IndexTM To Indicate Different Conditions of Anesthesia

2002 • 3 citations

Room E, 10/17/2000 2: 00 PM - 4: 00 PM (PS)“Paradoxical Arousal” during Bispectral Index Monitoring

2000 • 3 citations

Gateway Ballroom 102, 10/17/00 9: 00 AM-12: 30 PM (JS) Comparison of the BIS and the Auditory Evoked Potentials Index (AAI) during Propofol Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgery

2000 • 3 citations

JOSEPH, 1st BARON LISTER, PAUL BERT, AND THE DOSIMETRIC METHOD OF ADMINISTERING CHLOROFORM

1924 • 2 citations

Proceedings: Computerized frequency analysis of the E.E.G. during induction of anaesthesia.

1976 • 2 citations

Bis, spectral entropy and predicted propofol concentrations are useful to measure patient responsiveness during anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil

2004 • 1 citations

The Wada Test

1999 • 1 citations

Evoked Potential Testing: Clinical Applications

1986 • 1 citations