Differential effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and discrimination learning in a water escape task.

Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence.

1976 • 2,255 citations

Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events

1971 • 454 citations

Stimulus selection: Learning to ignore stimuli that predict no change in reinforcement.

1973 • 311 citations

Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance

1979 • 277 citations

Failure to learn to escape in rats previously exposed to inescapable shock depends on nature of escape response.

1973 • 274 citations

Stress and Catecholamines

1975 • 250 citations

Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: Deficits in motor response maintenance.

1978 • 201 citations

Long-term interference effect: An alternative to learned helplessness.

1976 • 178 citations

Coping Behavior and Neurochemical Changes An Alternative Explanation for the Original "Learned Helplessness" Experiments

1976 • 169 citations

Effects of Acute Exposure to Stressors on Subsequent Avoidance-Escape Behavior*

1975 • 167 citations

Long-term and transitory interference effects.

1976 • 155 citations

Time-dependent variations in aversively motivated behaviors: Nonassociative effects of cholinergic and catecholaminergic activity.

1975 • 143 citations

Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats

1976 • 127 citations

Learned Helplessness: All of us were Right (And Wrong): Inescapable Shock has Multiple Effects

1979 • 123 citations

Exposure to inescapable shock produces both activity and associative deficits in the rat

1978 • 112 citations

The effects of restraint and noncontingent preshock on subsequent escape learning in the rat

1974 • 109 citations

Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of an appetitive operant

1978 • 98 citations

Cholinergic Changes During Conditioned Suppression in Rats

1976 • 86 citations

Acute stress and the brain norepinephrine uptake mechanism in the rat

1977 • 17 citations