Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL SIZE IN SPINAL MOTONEURONS

1965 • 2,210 citations

Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: A review

1975 • 2,007 citations

Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice

1983 • 1,485 citations

Motor control mechanisms in health and disease

1983 • 1,194 citations

Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject

1980 • 1,058 citations

Silent period evoked by transcranial stimulation of the human cortex and cervicomedullary junction.

1993 • 752 citations

SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-UNIT ANALYSIS OF CORTICAL STAGE OF PYRAMIDAL TRACT ACTIVATION

1954 • 683 citations

MOTOR CORTEX STIMULATION IN INTACT MAN

1987 • 573 citations

Optimal focal transcranial magnetic activation of the human motor cortex: effects of coil orientation, shape of the induced current pulse, and stimulus intensity.

1992 • 572 citations

Noninvasive mapping of muscle representations in human motor cortex

1992 • 571 citations

Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system

1987 • 512 citations

Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: the importance of coil orientation

1992 • 491 citations

Rank order of motoneurons within a pool: law of combination.

1974 • 484 citations

Optimal Focal Transcranial Magnetic Activation of the Human Motor Cortex

1992 • 478 citations

Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations

1990 • 403 citations

Impulses in the pyramidal tract

1939 • 373 citations

Topographic mapping of the human motor cortex with magnetic stimulation: factors affecting accuracy and reproducibility

1992 • 336 citations

A theoretical calculation of the electric field induced in the cortex during magnetic stimulation

1991 • 311 citations

Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain: responses in muscles supplied by cranial nerves

1988 • 300 citations

SCOPE OF A TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND MUSCLE

1982 • 293 citations

Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on ipsilateral muscles

1991 • 257 citations

Considerations for safety in the use of extracranial stimulation for motor evoked potentials

1987 • 256 citations

Modelling magnetic coil excitation of human cerebral cortex with a peripheral nerve immersed in a brain-shaped volume conductor: the significance of fiber bending in excitation

1992 • 245 citations

Different sites of action of electrical and magnetic stimulation of the human brain

1987 • 234 citations

Focal stimulation of human cerebral cortex with the magnetic coil: a comparison with electrical stimulation

1989 • 233 citations

Electrical stimulation over the human vertebral column: which neural elements are excited?

1986 • 228 citations

A comparison of corticospinal activation by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex

1990 • 221 citations

‘Excitability’ changes of muscular responses to magnetic brain stimulation in patients with central motor disorders

1991 • 187 citations

Magnetic stimulation of the human brain

1985 • 182 citations

Maturation of corticospinal tracts assessed by electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex.

1988 • 173 citations

Magnetic stimulation over the spinal enlargements.

1989 • 172 citations

Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and nerve roots in children. Maturation of cortico-motoneuronal projections

1991 • 166 citations

Pre-movement facilitation of motor-evoked potentials in man during transcranial stimulation of the central motor pathways

1988 • 160 citations

Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex

1985 • 159 citations

Age-related changes of motor evoked potentials in healthy humans: Non-invasive evaluation of central and peripheral motor tracts excitability and conductivity

1992 • 156 citations

Hemispheric threshold differences for motor evoked potentials produced by magnetic coil stimulation

1991 • 155 citations

Enhancement of motor cortical excitability in humans by non-invasive electrical stimulation appears prior to voluntary movement

1988 • 153 citations

Nervous propagation along ‘central’ motor pathways in intact man: Characteristics of motor responses to ‘bifocal’ and ‘unifocal’ spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation

1985 • 152 citations

Magnetic nerve stimulation: the effect of waveform on efficiency, determination of neural membrane time constants and the measurement of stimulator output.

1991 • 145 citations

Magnetic brain stimulation and brain size: relevance to animal studies

1992 • 135 citations

Evaluation of proximal facial nerve conduction by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

1988 • 133 citations

Percutaneous electrical stimulation of lumbosacral roots in man.

1988 • 130 citations

Brain excitability and electroencephalographic activation: non-invasive evaluation in healthy humans via transcranial magnetic stimulation

1991 • 130 citations

Non-invasive evaluation of central motor tract excitability changes following peripheral nerve stimulation in healthy humans

1991 • 129 citations

Investigation of facial motor pathways by electrical and magnetic stimulation: sites and mechanisms of excitation.

1989 • 124 citations

Mechanisms of nervous propagation along central motor pathways

1987 • 123 citations

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIGEMINAL MOTOR SYSTEM IN MAN

1989 • 120 citations

Central motor tract propagation in man: studies with non-invasive, unifocal, scalp stimulation

1987 • 113 citations

No evidence of hearing loss in humans due to transcranial magnetic stimulation

1992 • 111 citations

Descending volley after electrical and magnetic transcranial stimulation in man

1990 • 110 citations

Measurement of the electric field induced into inhomogeneous volume conductors by magnetic coils: application to human spinal neurogeometry

1991 • 105 citations

An analysis of peripheral motor nerve stimulation in humans using the magnetic coil

1988 • 102 citations

Nerve impulse propagation along central and peripheral fast conducting motor and sensory pathways in man

1985 • 101 citations

The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: a possible safety hazard

1992 • 92 citations

Facilitation of motor evoked potentials by somatosensory afferent stimulation

1992 • 90 citations

Variability of cortically evoked motor responses in multiple sclerosis

1991 • 89 citations

Corticospinal potentials after transcranial stimulation in humans.

1989 • 87 citations

Motor potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in normal subjects and patients with motor disorders

1991 • 82 citations

Evoked potentials III

2001 • 82 citations

Dispositifs pour la mesure des courants alternatifs de toutes frequences

1896 • 78 citations

Effects of motor cortex stimulation on spinal interneurones in intact man

1984 • 76 citations

Age-dependent decline in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude: with a comment on changes in Parkinson's disease

1991 • 75 citations

Intracranial stimulation of facial nerve in humans with the magnetic coil

1988 • 74 citations

Neurophysiological evaluation of the central nervous impulse propagation in patients with sensorimotor disturbances

1988 • 73 citations

Latency of motor evoked potentials to focal transcranial stimulation varies as a function of scalp positions stimulated

1991 • 72 citations

Facilitation of muscle responses to magnetic brain stimulation by mechanical stimuli in man

1988 • 70 citations

Coil placement in magnetic brain stimulation related to skull and brain anatomy

1991 • 65 citations

Standardization of facilitation of compound muscle action potentials evoked by magnetic stimulation of the cortex. Results in healthy volunteers and in patients with multiple sclerosis

1991 • 64 citations

New Trends and Advanced Techniques in Clinical Neurophysiology

1990 • 61 citations

Percutaneous magnetic coil stimulation of human cervical vertebral column: site of stimulation and clinical application

1991 • 61 citations

Non-invasive Stimulation of Brain and Spinal Cord: Fundamentals and clinical applications

1989 • 60 citations

Influence of posture and voluntary background contraction upon compound muscle action potentials from anterior tibial and soleus muscle following transcranial magnetic stimulation

1991 • 59 citations

Electric vs magnetic trans-cranial stimulation of the brain in healthy humans: a comparative study of central motor tracts ‘conductivity’ and ‘excitability’

1989 • 59 citations

Magnetic stimulation in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy.

1989 • 59 citations

The relations between long-latency reflexes in hand muscles, somatosensory evoked potentials and transcranial stimulation of motor tracts

1989 • 58 citations

Analysis of the coil generated impulse noise in extracranial magnetic stimulation

1992 • 55 citations

Afferent conditioning of motor evoked potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex in normal subjects

1992 • 50 citations

Lumbosacral nerve root stimulation comparing electrical with surface magnetic coil techniques

1992 • 50 citations

Evoked Potentials: Neurophysiological and Clinical Aspects

1986 • 50 citations

Noninvasive mapping of human motor cortex

1988 • 47 citations

Prime mover muscle in finger lift or finger flexion reaction times: identification with transcranial magnetic stimulation

1991 • 45 citations

Latency jump of “relaxed” versus “contracted” motor evoked potentials as a marker of cortico-spinal maturation

1993 • 44 citations

Methodology for non-invasive mapping of human motor cortex with electrical stimulation

1988 • 42 citations

Size principle of motoneuron recruitment and the calibration of muscle force and speed in man.

1983 • 41 citations

The optimal current direction for excitation of human cervical motor roots with a double coil magnetic stimulator

1993 • 39 citations

Magnetic stimulation in the determination of lumbosacral motor radiculopathy

1993 • 35 citations

Magnetic coil stimulation of the human lumbosacral vertebral column: site of stimulation and clinical application

1993 • 35 citations

Reinforcement of subliminal flexion reflexes by transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex in subjects with spinal cord injury

1992 • 31 citations

THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTOR UNITS

1952 • 29 citations

Single fibre motor evoked potentials to brain, spinal roots and nerve stimulation. Comparisons of the ‘central’ and ‘peripheral’ response jitter to magnetic and electric stimuli

1989 • 25 citations

Central conduction studies and magnetic stimulation.

1992 • 16 citations

Electrical and magnetic spinal and cortical stimulation in man.

1991 • 15 citations

Cortico-Facial and Cortico-Trigeminal Projections. A Comparison by Magnetic Brain Stimulation in Man

1990 • 12 citations

Noninvasive Mapping of Hand Motor Somatotopic Representation Area Using Magnetic Stimulation

1988 • 10 citations

Magnetic mapping of human cervical nerve roots: variation in normal subjects

1993 • 9 citations