The neural basis of brain-stimulation reward

Stereotaxic Mapping of the Monoamine Pathways in the Rat Brain*

1971 • 3,816 citations

The psychology of fear and stress

1988 • 3,188 citations

Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

1954 • 3,047 citations

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

1971 • 1,765 citations

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBES IN MONKEYS

1939 • 1,703 citations

AN ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CONVERGING SENSORY PATHWAYS WITHIN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE MONKEY

1970 • 1,701 citations

Physiological Role of Pleasure

1971 • 1,462 citations

Receptor activity and turnover of dopamine and noradrenaline after neuroleptics

1970 • 1,041 citations

Amphetamines and related compounds

1971 • 979 citations

The problem of the frontal lobe: A reinterpretation

1971 • 892 citations

The lateral hypothalamic syndrome: Recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic lesions.

1962 • 880 citations

Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus—Reinforcement associations

1972 • 865 citations

The prefrontal cortex of the rat. I. cortical projection of the mediodorsal nucleus. II. efferent connections

1969 • 845 citations

Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys.

1956 • 818 citations

The Neurobiology of the Amygdala

1972 • 817 citations

BLOCKADE OF ENDOGENOUS NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS BY ALPHA-METHYL-TYROSINE, AN INHIBITOR OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE.

1965 • 813 citations

Progress in physiological psychology

1966 • 747 citations

Pain reduction by focal electrical stimulation of the brain: An anatomical and behavioral analysis

1974 • 707 citations

The Physiological Basis of Memory

1969 • 657 citations

EFFECTS OF 6‐HYDROXYDOPAMINE ON CATECHOLAMINE CONTAINING NEURONES IN THE RAT BRAIN

1970 • 653 citations

Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the brain of the rat

1970 • 598 citations

Depletion of brain noradrenaline and dopamine by 6‐hydroxydopamine

1971 • 535 citations

Handbook of Physiology. Section- 2

1967 • 520 citations

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain norepinephrine and dopamine evidence for selective degeneration of catecholamine neurons.

1970 • 486 citations

Possible Etiology of Schizophrenia: Progressive Damage to the Noradrenergic Reward System by 6-Hydroxydopamine

1971 • 480 citations

Hypothalamic Substrates of Reward

1962 • 474 citations

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain

1962 • 473 citations

A biological theory of reinforcement.

1967 • 472 citations

Reinforcement and Behavior

1969 • 469 citations

THE EXTRINSIC AFFERENT, COMMISSURAL AND ASSOCIATION FIBRES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS

1965 • 445 citations

Perseveration in extinction and in discrimination reversal tasks following selective frontal ablations in Macaca mulatta

1969 • 399 citations

Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry

1968 • 398 citations

AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFERENT PROJECTION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS

1966 • 397 citations

Analysis of the delayed-alternation deficit produced by dorsolateral prefrontal lesions in the rhesus monkey.

1971 • 385 citations

EXPERIMENTS ON ‘NEOPHOBIA’ IN WILD AND LABORATORY RATS

1958 • 364 citations

Projections from the cingulate cortex in the rat

1969 • 336 citations

Identical "Feeding" and "Rewarding" Systems in the Lateral Hypothalamus of Rats

1962 • 322 citations

Frontiers in physiological psychology

1966 • 319 citations

The effect on drinking in the rat of intravenous infusion of angiotensin, given alone or in combination with other stimuli of thirst

1969 • 314 citations

Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain

1961 • 314 citations

The Role of Pleasure in Behavior

1965 • 305 citations

The Structural Basis of Behavior

1961 • 265 citations

Effects of foveal prestriate and inferotemporal lesions on visual discrimination by rhesus monkeys

1970 • 262 citations

A map of the rat mesencephalon for electrical self-stimulation

1972 • 252 citations

Learned aversion to the taste of lithium chloride and generalization to other salts.

1963 • 245 citations

The structural basis of behavior

1960 • 245 citations

Cortical Visual Areas and Their Interactions

1972 • 233 citations

Drinking by rats depleted of body fluid without increase in osmotic pressure

1961 • 232 citations

The connexions of the amygdala

1965 • 221 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation with electrodes in the region of the locus coeruleus

1972 • 215 citations

The role of a renal thirst factor in drinking induced by extracellular stimuli

1969 • 215 citations

The relative attenuation of self-stimulation, eating and drinking produced by dopamine-receptor blockade

1974 • 214 citations

Brainstem pathways of reward.

1969 • 209 citations

The psychology of fear and stress

1989 • 203 citations

EARLY SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO OROGASTRIC STIMULATION IN THE REGULATION OF FOOD AND WATER BALANCE: FUNCTIONAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DATA

1969 • 199 citations

Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Substrates of Positive Reinforcement: Differential Effects of d - and l -Amphetamine

1973 • 197 citations

The marking of electrode tip positions in nervous tissue.

1971 • 191 citations

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE FOOD INTAKE OF NORMAL DOGS AND DOGS WITH ESOPHAGOSTOMY AND GASTRIC FISTULA

1949 • 180 citations

The effect of disulfiram on catecholamine levels in the brain.

1967 • 163 citations

Approach-escape interactions in rat brain

1962 • 161 citations

Facilitation of Brain Self-Stimulation by Central Administration of Norepinephrine

1969 • 158 citations

Effects of the availability of rewarding septal and hypothalamic stimulation on bar pressing for food under conditions of deprivation.

1965 • 154 citations

Both rewarding and punishing effects from stimulation of posterior hypothalamus of cat with same electrode at same intensity.

1958 • 150 citations

Altered food preferences after lesions in the basolateral region of the amygdala in the rat.

1973 • 149 citations

Effects and Interactions of Imipramine, Chlorpromazine, Reserpine and Amphetamine on Self-Stimulation: Possible Neurophysiological Basis of Depression

1962 • 149 citations

Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by disulfiram in vivo.

1966 • 147 citations

Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Man

1963 • 145 citations

Regulation of food intake in the absence of taste, smell, and other oropharyngeal sensations.

1962 • 145 citations

Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections

1960 • 143 citations

Brain stimulation reward ?Thresholds? self-determined in rat

1960 • 139 citations

The effect of dihydroxyphenylalanine, pheniprazine and dextroamphetamine on the in vivo release of dopamine from the caudate nucleus.

1968 • 139 citations

A preliminary mapping of electrical reinforcing effects in the rat brain.

1956 • 138 citations

Retention of Delayed-Alternation: Effect of Selective Lesions of Sulcus Principalis

1969 • 137 citations

Complex sensory properties of certain amygdala units in the freely moving cat

1969 • 137 citations

FEEDING AND SELF‐STIMULATION*

1969 • 136 citations

Behavioral effects of -α-methyltyrosine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase

1965 • 133 citations

Plasma insulin content in relation to blood glucose level and meal pattern in the normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rat

1970 • 133 citations

An evaluation of response rate as a measure of rewarding intracranial stimulation.

1962 • 130 citations

The complete dependence of beta-adrenergic drinking on the renal dipsogen

1971 • 128 citations

Brain-stimulation reward

2005 • 128 citations

Drinking by nephrectomized rats injected with various substances

1961 • 127 citations

The Hypothalamus and Motivated Behavior

1969 • 119 citations

Specific aversions and neophobia resulting from vitamin deficiency or poisoning in half-wild and domestic rats.

1968 • 113 citations

Consummatory behaviors and locomotor exploration evoked from self-stimulation sites in rats.

1968 • 113 citations

Attenuation of Aversive Properties of Peripheral Shock by Hypothalamic Stimulation

1965 • 112 citations

The Neural Connections of the Amygdaloid Complex in Mammals

1972 • 110 citations

Topographic organization of hypothalamic self-stimulation functions.

1960 • 110 citations

Turning behaviour as an index of the action of amphetamines and ephedrines on central dopamine‐containing neurones

1971 • 110 citations

On the Mechanism of Noradrenaline Depletion by α‐Methyl Metatyrosine and Metaraminol

1964 • 108 citations

Self-stimulation in the frontal cortex of rattus norvegicus

1972 • 108 citations

Behavioral measurement of the neural refractory period and its application to intracranial self-stimulation.

1964 • 105 citations

Intracranial Self-Stimulation and Wakefulness: Effect of Manipulating Ambient Brain Catecholamines

1970 • 104 citations

Forebrain pathways of reward in Rattus norvegicus.

1971 • 104 citations

Self-stimulation of hippocampus in rats.

1966 • 101 citations

Hypothalamic self-stimulation: Its suppression by blockade of norepinephrine biosynthesis and reinstatement by methamphetamine

1966 • 99 citations

Effects of lesions in the basolateral amygdala on fluid intake in the rat.

1973 • 99 citations

Output pathways of hypothalamic mechanisms for sexual, aggressive, and other motivated behaviors in opossum.

1970 • 94 citations

Further studies on the possible interaction between dopamine and noradrenaline containing neurons in the brain

1970 • 91 citations

Pleasure response of human subjects to direct stimulation of the brain: Physiologic and psychodynamic considerations

1964 • 91 citations

Amygdaloid stimulation and operant reinforcement in the rat.

1963 • 88 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters

1972 • 86 citations

Unit activity during self-stimulation behavior.

1971 • 85 citations

BRAIN STIMULATION AS A REINFORCER: INTERMITTENT SCHEDULES¹

1965 • 84 citations

Calories and sweet taste: Effects on sucrose preference in the obese and nonobese

1972 • 82 citations

Motivational properties of long durations of rewarding brain stimulation.

1965 • 82 citations

Reactivity of limbic neurons of the monkey to appetitive and aversive signals

1971 • 81 citations

Runway and maze behavior controlled by basomedial forebrain stimulation in the rat.

1956 • 80 citations

UNIT ACTIVITY OF CENTRAL CEPHALIC BRAIN STEM IN EEG AROUSAL

1955 • 78 citations

The Anatomical Locus of Reinforcement

1966 • 77 citations

Failure of recovered lateral hypothalamic rats to learn specific food aversions.

1973 • 75 citations

Effects of lesions in medial forebrain bundle on self-stimulation behavior

1969 • 74 citations

Effects of low-level septal stimulation on escape: Significance for limbic-midbrain interactions in pain.

1969 • 72 citations

Neural basis of stimulus-bound locomotor activity in the rat.

1972 • 70 citations

Intracranial Reinforcement Compared with Sugar-Water Reinforcement

1965 • 70 citations

Drive Decay: The Cause of Fast "Extinction" of Habits Learned for Brain Stimulation

1962 • 69 citations

Some effects of limbic system self-stimulation upon conditioned emotional behavior.

1960 • 69 citations

Medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamic area and reinforcing brain stimulation

1966 • 67 citations

Stimulus-induced Release of Substances from Olfactory Bulb using the Push–Pull Cannula

1968 • 67 citations

The incentive of brain-stimulation reward.

1969 • 66 citations

Operant conditioning in forebrain ablated rats by use of rewarding hypothalamic stimulation

1973 • 66 citations

Effect of lesions in the central nervous system on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rat.

1966 • 65 citations

Chemistry of Purposive Behavior

1969 • 65 citations

Lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation pathways in Rattus norvegicus

1971 • 65 citations

Interaction of Positive and Negative Reinforcing Neural Systems

1964 • 64 citations

Physiological and Psychological Aspects of Selective Perception

1965 • 63 citations

Formation of a Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) Following Lesions of the Amygdaloid Complex in Rats

1963 • 62 citations

Involvement of brainstem units in medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation

1971 • 61 citations

Facilitation of Sidman avoidance behavior by positive brain stimulation.

1968 • 60 citations

STAGES OF RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF FOOD AND WATER INTAKE

1969 • 58 citations

Septal self-stimulation and hippocampal activity

1971 • 57 citations

Effect of some brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat

1967 • 56 citations

Physiological psychology

1971 • 56 citations

Effect of selective inhibitors of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases on self-stimulation in the rat

1970 • 54 citations

Neurochemistry of reward and punishment: Some implications for the etiology of schizophrenia

1971 • 54 citations

Neuron Function Inferred from Behavioral and Electrophysiological Estimates of Refractory Period

1969 • 53 citations

SOME NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF ELECTRICAL SELF‐STIMULATION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

1959 • 52 citations

On summation of propagated disturbances in the claw of astacus, and on the double neuro‐muscular system of the adductor

1917 • 51 citations

Slowing of Heart Rate after Septal Self-Stimulation in Rats

1961 • 51 citations

Differentiation of hypothalamic drive and reward centers

1971 • 50 citations

Activation of neurones in the prefrontal cortex by brain-stimulation reward in the rat

1973 • 49 citations

Thalamic Reticular System and Central Grey: Self-Stimulation

1967 • 48 citations

Plasticity at unitary level. II. Modifications during sensory-sensory association procedures

1972 • 47 citations

Hypothalamic Motivational Processes as Reflected by their Hippocampal Electrical Correlates

1965 • 46 citations

Absolute refractory period of neurons involved in MFB self-stimulation

1971 • 45 citations

Activation of amygdaloid neurones in reward, eating and drinking elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain

1972 • 44 citations

Contrasting effects of hypothalamic and nucleus accumbens septi self-stimulation on brain stem single unit activity and cortical arousal

1971 • 43 citations

Anticonvulsant drugs and self-stimulating behavior.

1964 • 43 citations

Effects of thalamic and limbic system lesions on self-stimulation.

1966 • 42 citations

Excitatory (antidepressant?) effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the reward system of the brain

1964 • 41 citations

Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Amygdaloid Complex on the Ventromedial Hypothalamus

1972 • 40 citations

Variables determining the effect of electrostimulation in the lateral preoptic area on the sexual behavior of male rats.

1970 • 39 citations

Effect of hippocampal stimulation on feeding in the rat

1969 • 39 citations

Excitability of medical forebrain bundle neurons during self-stimulating behavior.

1972 • 38 citations

Specificity of brain stimulation reward in the rat.

1971 • 37 citations

Dissociation of self-stimulation and epileptiform activity

1965 • 37 citations

Stimulation of positively and negatively reinforcing sites in the avian brain

1966 • 36 citations

Wheel running elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain☆

1968 • 36 citations

Self-stimulation of the olfactory bulb

1969 • 35 citations

Facilitation of avoidance behavior by positive brain stimulation.

1965 • 35 citations

Sensitivity and specificity of positive reinforcing areas to neurosedatives, antidepressants and stimulants.

1969 • 34 citations

Operant conditioning of the bottlenose dolphin with electrical stimulation of the brain.

1962 • 34 citations

Choice of intracranial stimulation as a function of delay between stimulations and strength of competing drive.

1964 • 34 citations

Galvanic skin response conditioning deficit in amygdalectomized monkeys

1968 • 33 citations

Behavioral and affective responses to brain stimulation in man

1967 • 33 citations

Self-Regulation of Brain-Stimulating Current Intensity in the Rat

1959 • 33 citations

Anesthetization and stimulation of the sulcal prefrontal cortex and brain-stimulation reward☆

1974 • 32 citations

Hunger and extinction in intracranial self-stimulation.

1967 • 32 citations

Adaptation as a cause of apparent aversiveness of prolonged rewarding brain stimulation

1972 • 32 citations

Enhanced lateral hypothalamic reward sensitivity following septal lesions in the rat☆

1968 • 32 citations

The electrical response of nerve to two stimuli

1899 • 32 citations

Heart Rate: Differential Effects of Hypothalamic and Septal Self-Stimulation

1963 • 31 citations

Neurobiological aspects of psychopathology

1970 • 30 citations

Positive and Negative Reinforcement from Intracranial Stimulation of a Teleost

1962 • 30 citations

Rewarding Properties of Intracranial Stimulation

1960 • 30 citations

Self-stimulation pathways in the monkey, Macaca mulatta

1971 • 29 citations

Connection between the prefrontal cortex and pontine brain-stimulation reward sites in the rat

1974 • 29 citations

Electrical self stimulation of the brain and sensory inhibition

1967 • 29 citations

Physiological psychology

1948 • 29 citations

Hippocampal activity and brainstem reward-aversion loci.

1970 • 29 citations

Blood-pressure and heart-rate changes in dogs during hypothalamic self-stimulation.

1965 • 27 citations

Rats prefer signaled reinforcing brain stimulation to unsignaled ESB.

1970 • 27 citations

Enhancement and inhibition of olfactory bulb self-stimulation by odours

1970 • 27 citations

A Behavioral Measure of Homosynaptic and Heterosynaptic Temporal Summation in the Self-Stimulation System of Rats

1970 • 26 citations

Intracranial stimulation and natural reward: Differential effects of trial spacing

1967 • 26 citations

Basal Tegmental Self-Stimulation After Septal Ablation in Rats

1960 • 26 citations

The Role of the Amygdala in Controlling Hypothalamic Output

1972 • 25 citations

Evidence for a conflict interpretation of anomalous effects of rewarding brain stimulation.

1969 • 25 citations

Intraoral self injection: II. The simulation of self-stimulation phenomena with a conventional reward

1967 • 25 citations

Cessation of drinking following intracranial injections of angiotensin in the rat.

1972 • 23 citations

Temporal Summation and Refractoriness in Hypothalamic Reward Neurons as Measured by Self-Stimulation Behavior

1970 • 23 citations

Behavioral Measurement of Neural Poststimulation Excitability Cycle: Pain Cells in the Brain of the Rat

1970 • 22 citations

Reticular formation and brainstem unitary activity: Effects of posterior hypothalamic and septal-limbic stimulation at reward loci

1968 • 22 citations

Deep Temporal Lobe Stimulation in Man

1972 • 22 citations

The effects of tegmental lesions on the reward properties of septal stimulation

1964 • 21 citations

Heart Rate Changes after Reinforcing Brain Stimulation in Rats

1963 • 21 citations

Relationships among Amygdaloid and Other Limbic Structures in Influencing Activity of Lateral Hypothalamic Neurons

1972 • 19 citations

Effects of sodium pentobarbital on brain self-stimulation.

1964 • 19 citations

Effect of tetrabenazine and α‐methyl‐m‐tyrosine on exploratory activity and brain catecholamines in rats

1971 • 17 citations

Tegmental Self-Stimulation After Amygdaloid Ablation

1961 • 17 citations

On the relation of the refractory period to the propagated disturbance in nerve

1911 • 17 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in cats surgically deprived of autonomic outflows.

1969 • 17 citations

Refractory periods of neurons directly excited in stimulus-bound eating and drinking in the rat.

1973 • 16 citations

Self-stimulation of the caudate nucleus by instrumentally naive cats.

1963 • 15 citations

SEPTAL STIMULATION AS A REINFORCER OF AND AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONSUMATORY BEHAVIOR¹

1961 • 14 citations

The organization of motivation at the thalamic level of the cat

1967 • 14 citations

Importance of noradrenaline found in a functional pool in maintaining spontaneous locomotor activity in rats

1971 • 13 citations

Intraoral self injection: I. Effects of delay of reinforcement on resistance to extinction and implications for self-stimulation

1967 • 13 citations

Facilitation of classical conditioning in rabbits by reinforcing brain stimulation

1966 • 11 citations

[On the brain and human behavior].

1969 • 10 citations

Self-stimulation: Failure of pretrial stimulation to affect rats' electrode preference.

1969 • 10 citations

Note on the muscular response to two stimuli of the sciatic nerve (frog)

1899 • 9 citations

Influences of amygdala and medial forebrain bundle on self-stimulation in the septum

1969 • 9 citations

Neurophysiology of drive.

1956 • 7 citations

Relation of activation of neurones in the pons and medulla to brain-stimulation reward

1974 • 6 citations

Functions of catecholamines in brain-stimulation reward

1974 • 6 citations

New evidence concerning refractory period in self-stimulation neurons

1972 • 6 citations

Pyruvate, alpha-keto-glutarate and gamma-aminobutyrate in brains of rats with different levels of excitability

1967 • 6 citations

Absolute refractory period of neurones involved in drinking elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.

1971 • 5 citations

A technique for measuring exploratory activity in rats: some effects of chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide.

1971 • 4 citations

Neural systems involved in intracranial self-stimulation

1970 • 3 citations

Results in Neuroanatomy, Neuroendocrinology, Neurophysiology and Behaviour, Neuropathology

1973 • 3 citations