Rigidity: A flexible concept.

The Authoritarian Personality

2001 • 6,655 citations

A DYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY

1936 • 3,778 citations

The Psychoanalytic Theory Of Neurosis

2006 • 2,573 citations

A Simple Objective Technique for Measuring Flexibility in Thinking

1948 • 2,154 citations

A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem.

1948 • 2,128 citations

The formation of learning sets.

1949 • 1,944 citations

The European Red Mite

1928 • 1,861 citations

The structure of human personality

1953 • 1,417 citations

INTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AS AN EMOTIONAL AND PERCEPTUAL PERSONALITY VARIABLE

1949 • 1,039 citations

Abstract and concrete behavior an experimental study with special tests.

1941 • 864 citations

Mental Set and Shift

2019 • 650 citations

A factorial study of perception

1944 • 559 citations

The Influence of Degree of Interpolated Learning on Retroactive Inhibition and the Overt Transfer of Specific Responses

1940 • 335 citations

Political and religious dogmatism: An alternative to the authoritarian personality.

1956 • 330 citations

The nature and meaning of dogmatism.

1954 • 326 citations

The effects of psychological stress upon performance.

1952 • 322 citations

Transmission of information concerning concepts through positive and negative instances.

1953 • 287 citations

On the psychology of so-called processes of abstraction.

1941 • 271 citations

Generalized mental rigidity as a factor in ethnocentrism.

1948 • 244 citations

Functional fixedness as related to problem solving: a repetition of three experiments.

1952 • 236 citations

Extinction as a function of partial reinforcement and distribution of practice.

1949 • 213 citations

New Experimental Attempts at Preventing Mechanization in Problem Solving

1950 • 164 citations

The negative effect of previous experience on productive thinking.

1951 • 164 citations

A factor-analytic study of creative-thinking abilities

1954 • 158 citations

Retroactive and Proactive Inhibition in Retention: Evidence for a Two-Factor Theory of Retroactive Inhibition

1941 • 157 citations

Meaningful Relation and Retroactive Inhibition

1931 • 153 citations

Types of Personality: A Factorial Study of Seven Hundred Neurotics

1944 • 147 citations

The performance of young schizophrenics and young normals on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

1951 • 146 citations

A "communication analysis" of concept learning.

1952 • 145 citations

An objective study of concept formation.

1932 • 130 citations

A Method for the Study of Concept Formation

1937 • 122 citations

The influence of varying degrees of psychological stress on problem-solving rigidity.

1952 • 113 citations

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF RIGIDITY. I. THE MEASUREMENT OF RIGIDITY IN NORMAL AND FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS*

1941 • 110 citations

An investigation of the establishment and operation of mental sets.

1935 • 108 citations

Functional fixedness as related to elapsed time and to set.

1954 • 98 citations

Assessment of Individual Differences

1956 • 96 citations

A factorial study of dogmatism and related concepts.

1956 • 91 citations

A determinant of the relationship between rigidity and authoritarianism.

1953 • 80 citations

The concept of rigidity: a critical evaluation.

1946 • 75 citations

An orientation for research on thinking.

1952 • 73 citations

Conditions of transfer of training.

1933 • 73 citations

An Analysis of the Operation of Set in Problem-Solving Behavior

1951 • 71 citations

Perseverative behavior in a concept-formation task as a function of manifest anxiety and rigidity.

1953 • 70 citations

A Factor-Analytic Study of Flexibility in Thinking

1959 • 70 citations

Retroactive inhibition as a function of degree of generalization between tasks.

1941 • 69 citations

THE VARIETIES OF STRUCTURAL RIGIDITY

1949 • 67 citations

On the relation between similarity and transfer of training in the learning of discriminative motor tasks.

1950 • 64 citations

Rigidity as a function of reversal and non-reversal shifts in the learning of successive discriminations.

1953 • 61 citations

The role of motivational factors in insightful problem-solving.

1945 • 59 citations

The effect of induced anxiety on flexibility of intellectual functioning.

1951 • 58 citations

Probability learning in a problem-solving situation.

1955 • 58 citations

The effect of learning on the predictability of psychomotor performance.

1952 • 58 citations

Rigidity and isolation: a study of the deaf and the blind.

1948 • 57 citations

Learning of a Serial Task by Different Age Groups

1951 • 56 citations

Patterns of personality rigidity and some of their determinants.

1950 • 53 citations

Problem Solving and Thinking

1955 • 53 citations

Attitude and structure as factors in the distortion of reasoning.

1950 • 51 citations

Retroactive inhibition as a function of degree of interpolated learning.

1943 • 51 citations

The role of secondary reinforcement in a partial reinforcement learning situation.

1946 • 51 citations

Some personality and intellectual correlations of intolerance of ambiguity.

1955 • 51 citations

Problem Solving Set in Different Age Groups

1956 • 50 citations

Abnormal and subnormal rigidity.

1946 • 49 citations

How "rigid" is the "authoritarian?"

1957 • 48 citations

Some effects of manifest anxiety on mental set.

1953 • 45 citations

Multiple versus single problem training in human problem solving.

1954 • 45 citations

Problem solving rigidity and personality structure.

1951 • 45 citations

A source of decrement in psychomotor performance.

1955 • 44 citations

The meaning of rigidity: a reply to Heinz Werner.

1948 • 44 citations

The relative difficulty of the number, form, and color concepts of a Weigl-type problem.

1949 • 44 citations

Different strengths of set in the solution of anagrams.

1952 • 43 citations

A distinction between dogmatic and rigid thinking.

1955 • 42 citations

Tests of the two-factor theory of retroactive inhibition.

1943 • 40 citations

Complex tasks for use in human problem-solving research.

1955 • 40 citations

The water-jar Einstellung test as a measure of rigidity.

1956 • 39 citations

RIGIDITY AND ETHNOCENTRISM: A CRITIQUE

1949 • 38 citations

On recent usage of the Einstellung-effect as a test of rigidity.

1951 • 38 citations

THE RIDDLE OF PERSEVERATION:. I. "CREATIVE EFFORT" AND DISPOSITION RIGIDITY

1946 • 38 citations

Rigidity of attitudes regarding personal habits and its ideological correlates.

1954 • 38 citations

Intellectual rigidity and social attitudes.

1953 • 36 citations

Perceptual versus analytical responses to the number concept of a Weigl-type card sorting test.

1951 • 36 citations

Is Perseveration a Functional Unit Participating in all Behavior Processes?

1931 • 35 citations

Stress reduction and problem-solving rigidity.

1952 • 34 citations

Cognitive Rigidity as a Function of Threat1

1955 • 34 citations

Some effects of experimentally induced anxiety upon discrimination behavior.

1955 • 34 citations

The effect of perception time upon rigidity and concreteness of thinking.

1950 • 33 citations

Certain determinants and correlates of authoritarianism.

1954 • 33 citations

Prejudice, concreteness of thinking, and reification of thinking.

1951 • 32 citations

A Factorial Exploration of Authoritarianism and Some of Its Ideological Concomitants1

1954 • 31 citations

Generalization of problem-solving rigidity.

1953 • 31 citations

Intellectual performance as a function of two types of psychological stress.

1954 • 31 citations

Studies in retroactive inhibition: X. The influence of similarity of meaning between lists of paired associates.

1937 • 31 citations

Studies of distributed practice: V. Learning and retention of concepts.

1952 • 31 citations

Rigidity as learned behavior.

1952 • 31 citations

The Interaction of Need, Set, and Stimulus-Structure in a Cognitive Task

1952 • 30 citations

Continuities and Discontinuities in Conceptual Behavior in a Card Sorting Problem

1954 • 30 citations

ON THE MEASUREMENT OF “PERSEVERATION.”

1935 • 30 citations

Einstellung effect and goal-setting behavior.

1955 • 30 citations

The Einstellung test of rigidity: Its relation to concreteness of thinking.

1951 • 29 citations

Problem solving as a function of the situation.

1951 • 28 citations

The Abilities of Man

1928 • 28 citations

Selected personality variables and the learning process.

1952 • 28 citations

Retention and subsequent extinction of a simple running response following varying conditions of reinforcement.

1942 • 27 citations

Similarity of Meaning as a Factor in Retroactive Inhibition

1933 • 27 citations

A factorial study of closure.

1954 • 27 citations

Interrelation among some measures of rigidity under stress and nonstress conditions.

1955 • 27 citations

Some determinants of behavioral rigidity.

1954 • 27 citations

Social Effectiveness and Developmental Level1

1955 • 27 citations

Further factorial studies of tests of rigidity.

1952 • 25 citations

TESTS OF PERSEVERATION

1932 • 25 citations

Retroactive facilitation as a function of degree of generalization between tasks.

1943 • 25 citations

Retroactive effect and degree of similarity.

1929 • 25 citations

"Abnormal fixation" and learning.

1952 • 24 citations

The Rorschach white space response and perceptual reversal.

1954 • 24 citations

Certainty: Generality and relation to manifest anxiety.

1955 • 24 citations

The measurement of human skill.

1948 • 24 citations

Problem-Solving Behavior in Men with Frontal Or Occipital Brain Injuries

1953 • 24 citations

A new method for studying disorders of conceptual thinking.

1946 • 23 citations

The effects of single and compound classes of anagrams on set solutions.

1953 • 23 citations

SPEED AND PATTERN OF PERCEPTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND NORMAL PERSONS

1942 • 23 citations

Primitive forms of Response to the Matrices Test

1953 • 23 citations

Structural rigidity in relation to learning theory and clinical psychology.

1952 • 22 citations

A factorial study of tests of rigidity.

1951 • 22 citations

Effects of task instructions on solution of different classes of anagrams.

1953 • 21 citations

A study of concept formation as a function of reinforcement and stimulus generalization.

1950 • 21 citations

Personality Rigidity and the Rorschach

1953 • 21 citations

Intolerance of Ambiguity in Interpersonal And Perceptual Behavior1

1954 • 20 citations

PROPOSED METHODS OF STUDYING DEGREES OF RIGIDITY IN BEHAVIOR

1947 • 20 citations

RIGIDITY AND ETHNOCENTRISM: A REJOINDER

1949 • 19 citations

An Attempt to Differentiate between Individuals with High and Low Reasoning Ability

1955 • 19 citations

Verification of hypothesized factors in one hundred and fifteen objective personality test designs

1954 • 18 citations

AN OVERVIEW OF TRENDS IN RESEARCH DEALING WITH PERSONALITY RIGIDITY

1949 • 18 citations

The validity of the Einstellung test as a measure of rigidity.

1953 • 18 citations

CHANGES OF PERFORMANCE WITH AGE ON SIMILAR TASKS OF VARYING COMPLEXITY

1954 • 18 citations

The influence of massed and distributed practice on the development of mental set.

1952 • 18 citations

Perseveration and Personality: Some Experiments and a Hypothesis

1935 • 17 citations

An Experiment in Problem Solving

1951 • 16 citations

The Einstellung Effect in Immediate and Delayed Problem-Solving

1953 • 16 citations

Personal constructs and predictive behavior.

1956 • 16 citations

PERSEVERATION AND FLUENCY

1943 • 16 citations

The effects of symbols, shift, and manipulation upon the number of concepts attained.

1952 • 16 citations

An experimental investigation of persistence in secondary school boys.

1955 • 16 citations

The Diagnosis of Neurotic Traits by Means of a New Perceptual Test

1948 • 15 citations

Some determinants of rigidity in discrimination-reversal learning.

1952 • 15 citations

The Coin Problem: A Study in Thinking

1953 • 15 citations

AN INTRODUCTION TO SO‐CALLED MOTOR PERSEVERATION TESTS

1934 • 15 citations

A Factorial Investigation of Flexibility

1950 • 14 citations

A new view of rigidity.

1955 • 13 citations

Notes on the Wesley Rigidity Scale: The development of a short form.

1954 • 13 citations

An investigation into the Significance of Perseveration

1928 • 13 citations

P-TESTS AND THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL INERTIA*

1943 • 13 citations

PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY AND AMBIVALENCE OF STIMULI

1951 • 13 citations

“Direction” in Problem Solving

1949 • 13 citations

Comparison of the Reasoning Ability of Two Age Groups

1943 • 12 citations

Perceptual rigidity as measured by aniseikonic lenses.

1954 • 12 citations

Effects of Varying the Administration of the Digit Symbol Subtest of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

1953 • 12 citations

The Performance of Adults Under Distraction Stress: A Developmental Approach

1955 • 12 citations

The nature and efficacy of methods of attack on reasoning problems.

1950 • 11 citations

Experiments by Dattman and Israel on the Attainment of Concepts

1952 • 10 citations

Flexibility and rigidity in a variety of problem situations.

1955 • 10 citations

Is Einstellung rigidity a general trait?

1954 • 10 citations

Rigidity as a function of absolute and relational shifts in the learning of successive discriminations.

1953 • 10 citations

INFLUENCE OF MENTAL SET ON PROBLEM‐SOLVING

1956 • 9 citations

Effect of discrimination reversal on human discrimination learning.

1952 • 9 citations

Distribution of practice prior to solution of a verbal reasoning problem.

1953 • 8 citations

Personality, problem solving, and the Einstellung effect.

1957 • 8 citations

Studies in serial verbal discrimination learning. IV. Habit reversal after two degrees of learning.

1943 • 8 citations

The Effect of Concretizing the Mental Set Experiment

1953 • 8 citations

Perseveration and Fluency as Measures of Introversion-Extraversion in Abnormal Subjects1

1955 • 8 citations

Rigidity and shock therapy of psychotics: an experimental study.

1953 • 8 citations

Is there a general factor of perseveration?

1941 • 7 citations

Retroactive inhibition as a function of degree of association of original and interpolated activities.

1943 • 7 citations

The Transition from Simple to Complex forms of Learning

1947 • 7 citations

The Einstellung Phenomenon and Effortfulness of Task

1954 • 7 citations

Problem solving; a statistical description of some relationships between organismic factors and selected response measures.

1954 • 7 citations

Adaptability to New Situations.

1930 • 7 citations

Studies in Perseveration: I. A Survey of Researches in Perseveration

1937 • 6 citations

A note on consistency of rigidity as a personality variable.

1954 • 6 citations

Rigidity and reactive inhibition.

1955 • 5 citations

An Empirical Validation of a Rigidity Scale Against a Criterion of Rigidity in an Interpersonal Situation

1951 • 5 citations

A Response Board for Group Experiments in Problem Solving and Concept Formation

1955 • 4 citations

Ontogenesis of Thought^†

1952 • 4 citations

The Relationship of Perseveration to a Number of Personality Traits and to Adjustment

1954 • 4 citations

The Einstellung Test and performance in factual interviewing.

1956 • 4 citations

The stability of tree drawings as related to several rorschach signs of rigidity

1957 • 4 citations

An evaluation of rigidity factors.

1954 • 4 citations

Rigidity on the Rorschach and response to intermittent photic stimulation.

1955 • 4 citations

Problem-solving rigidity and decision time.

1955 • 4 citations

EFFECT OF PATHOLOGIC ANXIETY ON INDUCTIVE REASONING

1950 • 3 citations

Application of Rigidity Principles to the Measurement of Personality Disturbance

1955 • 3 citations

A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SOME PERSONALITY ITEMS IN A DOMAIN OF SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION

1954 • 2 citations

Perseveration of Group Attitude

1949 • 2 citations

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM-SOLVING BEHAVIOR

1953 • 2 citations

A factorial study of integration.

1954 • 1 citations

THE INFLUENCE OF SCORING METHODS UPON SCORE IN MOTOR PERSEVERATION TESTS¹

1945 • 1 citations