Internal waves in the ocean: A review

AIP Conference Proceedings

2006 • 5,971 citations

Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report

1975 • 923 citations

Space-Time scales of internal waves

1972 • 814 citations

Internal Solitons in the Andaman Sea

1980 • 770 citations

The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow

1967 • 740 citations

On internal tide generation models

1982 • 685 citations

Evolution of physical oceanography

1982 • 614 citations

Internal Waves in the Ocean

1979 • 569 citations

Topographically generated internal waves in the open ocean

1975 • 455 citations

SOUND TRANSMISSION THROUGH A FLUCTUATING OCEAN

2024 • 415 citations

Resonant interaction of oceanic internal waves

1977 • 356 citations

A note on the internal solitary waves produced by tidal flow over a three‐dimensional ridge

1979 • 318 citations

Tidal interaction of stratified flow with a sill in Knight Inlet

1980 • 306 citations

Internal tides in the ocean

1975 • 301 citations

An investigation of internal solitary waves in a two-fluid system

1981 • 277 citations

Sound transmission through a fluctuating ocean

1980 • 263 citations

Internal Wave Wake of a Moving Storm. Part I. Scales, Energy Budget and Observations

1983 • 263 citations

SEASAT views oceans and sea ice with synthetic aperture radar

1982 • 259 citations

Observations of internal wave reflection off sloping bottoms

1982 • 259 citations

Shear-Flow Dispersion, Internal Waves and Horizontal Mixing in the Ocean

1982 • 250 citations

Several effects of a baroclinic current on the cross‐stream propagation of inertial‐internal waves†

1975 • 248 citations

On the formation of nonlinear internal waves from the gravitational collapse of mixed regions in two and three dimensions

1980 • 241 citations

Tidally generated internal wave packets in Massachusetts Bay

1979 • 239 citations

Solitary Waves

1980 • 228 citations

The Dynamic Balance of Internal Waves

1981 • 203 citations

The observation of ocean surface phenomena using imagery from the SEASAT synthetic aperture radar: An assessment

1982 • 198 citations

Observations and models of inertial waves in the deep ocean

1981 • 197 citations

Temperature and Currents on the Southern California Shelf: A Description of the Variability

1981 • 184 citations

Nonlinear Internal Waves in Rotating Ocean

2015 • 172 citations

A Composite Spectrum of Vertical Shear in the Upper Ocean

1981 • 167 citations

Internal waves in Hudson Canyon with possible geological implications

1982 • 154 citations

Inertial Oscillations on the Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Lions—Observations and Theory

1981 • 150 citations

The excitation, dissipation, and interaction of internal waves in the deep ocean

1975 • 147 citations

Soliton models of long internal waves

1982 • 146 citations

The Iwex spectrum

1978 • 142 citations

Mixing in the ocean interior

1979 • 138 citations

Nonlinear energy transfer and the energy balance of the internal wave field in the deep ocean

1976 • 129 citations

The Relation of Near-Inertial Motions Observed in the Mixed layer During the JASIN (1978) Experiment to the Local Wind Stress and to the Quasi-Geostrophic Flow Field

1982 • 125 citations

Long nonlinear waves in stratified shear flows

1980 • 117 citations

On the diffusion of momentum and mass by internal gravity waves

1976 • 113 citations

Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: Theory and observation

1976 • 109 citations

Properties of Near-Surface Inertial Oscillations

1980 • 109 citations

Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part I: The heat and momentum balances

1981 • 104 citations

Large amplitude progressive interfacial waves

1979 • 102 citations

Models of the oceanic internal wave field

1983 • 100 citations

Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar for Oceanography

1982 • 98 citations

On internal solitary waves

1979 • 98 citations

Preliminary results from the trimoored internal wave experiment (IWEX)

1975 • 95 citations

Observations on the Vertical Polarization and Energy Flux of Near-Inertial Waves

1976 • 94 citations

Internal-Wave Solitons of Fluids with Finite Depth

1979 • 94 citations

Generation of the long internal waves at the continental slope

1969 • 92 citations

Algebraic internal wave solitons and the integrable Calogero–Moser–Sutherland N-body problem

1979 • 92 citations

Nonlinear interactions treated by the methods of theoretical physics (with application to the generation of waves by wind)

1967 • 90 citations

Upper ocean internal wave observations from Flip

1975 • 89 citations

Time Scales of Resonant Interactions Among Oceanic Internal Waves

1981 • 86 citations

The Climatology of Deep Ocean Internal Waves

1979 • 84 citations

Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides over the Continental Slope and Shelf off Oregon

1979 • 82 citations

An experimental study of critical layers

1981 • 82 citations

The seasonal circulation of the Glacier Bay, Alaska fjord system

1981 • 79 citations

Oceanic Internal Waves Are Not Weak Waves

1980 • 78 citations

The gravitational collapse of a mixed region into a linearly stratified fluid

1980 • 76 citations

A Near-Inertial Internal Wave Spectrum for the Sargasso Sea in Late Summer

1984 • 74 citations

Statistics of Richardson Number and Instability in Oceanic Internal Waves

1982 • 71 citations

The Propagation of Internal Waves in a Geostrophic Current

1981 • 68 citations

A preliminary investigation of the interaction of internal gravity waves with a steady shearing motion

1981 • 66 citations

Geographical Variability of the Internal Wave Field: A Search for Sources and Sinks

1976 • 64 citations

Coupling of surface and internal gravity waves: a mode coupling model

1976 • 63 citations

Bispectra of internal waves

1980 • 61 citations

Wake collapse in the thermocline and internal solitary waves

1980 • 59 citations

On parametric instabilities of finite-amplitude internal gravity waves

1982 • 58 citations

Reversible and Irreversible Finestructure

1981 • 58 citations

Internal Wave Spectra at the Buoyant and Inertial Frequencies

1980 • 53 citations

Effects of Density Front on the Generation and Propagation of Internal Tides

1981 • 50 citations

Observations of Strongly Nonlinear Internal Motion in the Open Sea Using a Range-Gated Doppler Sonar

1979 • 50 citations

M₂Baroclinic Tides in Johnstone Strait, British Columbia

1980 • 50 citations

Internal waves in a rotating stratified fluid in an arbitrary gravitational field

1982 • 50 citations

Description of nonlinear internal wave interactions using Langevin methods

1980 • 50 citations

Do waves limit turbulent diffusion in the ocean?

1980 • 48 citations

Intercomparison tests of moored current measurements in the upper ocean

1981 • 47 citations

Beta dispersion of inertial waves

1979 • 47 citations

A linear theory of internal wave spectra and coherences near the Väisälä frequency

1975 • 46 citations

The transient critical‐level interaction in a Boussinesq fluid

1982 • 46 citations

Evidence for a continuous spectrum of equatorial waves in the Indian Ocean

1980 • 46 citations

Observational Evidence for Vertical Diffusion Driven by Internal Waves of Tidal Origin in the Oslofjord

1979 • 46 citations

Deep ocean internal waves: What do we really know?

1975 • 45 citations

On internal solitary waves. II

1981 • 45 citations

Tidal currents in the northwest African upwelling region

1982 • 44 citations

Eikonal description of internal wave interactions: A non-diffusive picture of “induced diffusion”

1983 • 44 citations

The spectral energy transfer from surface waves to internal waves

1979 • 44 citations

A Theory of the Mean Flow Driven by Long Internal Waves in a Rotating Basin, with Application to Lake Kinneret

1979 • 43 citations

Observations of Interaction between the Internal Wavefield and Low-Frequency Flows in the North Atlantic

1979 • 43 citations

A Comparison of Finestructure Spectra from the Main Thermocline

1977 • 43 citations

On the theory of nonlinear wave-wave interactions among geophysical waves

1981 • 42 citations

On the nonlinear reflection of a gravity wave at a critical level. Part 2

1982 • 42 citations

Observations of the Horizontal Interactions between the Internal Wave Field and the Mesoscale Flow

1981 • 41 citations

Equatorial Kelvin and Inertio-Gravity Waves in Zonal Shear Flow

1979 • 39 citations

Near-Inertial Internal Waves Observed on the Outer Shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight in the Wake of Hurricane Belle

1981 • 38 citations

Efficiency of conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy by a breaking internal gravity wave

1980 • 38 citations

The structure of short gravity waves on the ocean surface

1981 • 37 citations

Disqualifying Two Candidates for the Energy Balance of Oceanic Internal Waves

1981 • 36 citations

On the use of Doppler sonar for internal wave measurements

1981 • 36 citations

Fine structure measurements in a temperature‐compensated halocline

1980 • 36 citations

Coupling between a surface-wave spectrum and an internal wave: modulational interaction

1981 • 34 citations

Frontal jump conditions for models of shallow, buoyant surface layer hydrodynamics

1981 • 34 citations

On the spectral evolution of strongly interacting waves

1978 • 33 citations

Internal waves near the turning point

1973 • 33 citations

Internal waves in a contained rotating stratified fluid

1982 • 33 citations

Observations of the Near-Surface Internal Wavefield

1981 • 33 citations

Satellite observations of internal waves on the Australian north-west shelf

1981 • 32 citations

On the nonlinear reflexion of a gravity wave at a critical level. Part 1

1980 • 32 citations

Calculation of the phase-structure function density from oceanic internal waves

1981 • 30 citations

Observations of small-scale shear and density structure in the ocean

1982 • 30 citations

Non-linear internal waves in shallow water. A theoretical and experimental study

1981 • 29 citations

Vertical Coherence of the Internal Wave Field from Towed Sensors

1979 • 29 citations

Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean

1981 • 29 citations

The Bottom Boundary Layer in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

1980 • 28 citations

The interaction of long and short internal gravity waves: theory and experiment

1981 • 28 citations

On Interaction Time Scales of Oceanic Internal Waves

1982 • 27 citations

Frontal jump conditions for models of shallow, buoyant surface layer hydrodynamics

1981 • 27 citations

Measurement of Fluctuating Magnetic Gradients Originating from Oceanic Internal Waves

1979 • 26 citations

Reflection properties of internal gravity waves incident upon a hyperbolic tangent shear layer

1982 • 25 citations

Energy transfer among internal gravity modes: Weak and strong interactions

1981 • 25 citations

An upper ocean moored current and density profiler applied to winter conditions near Bermuda

1982 • 25 citations

On internal solitary waves. II

1981 • 24 citations

Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean During MILE

1983 • 24 citations

Absorption of Internal Waves by the Benthic Boundary Layer

1982 • 24 citations

Internal waves in JASIN

1983 • 23 citations

Tidal effects on long‐range sound transmission

1981 • 23 citations

Fluctuations of resolved acoustic multipaths at long range in the ocean

1981 • 23 citations

Acoustic propagation in random oceans using the radiation transport equation

1979 • 21 citations

Linear stability of internal wave solitons in a deep stratified fluid

1980 • 21 citations

On the normal modes of parallel flow of inviscid stratified fluid. Part 2. Unbounded flow with propagation at infinity

1979 • 21 citations

Mean flows induced by internal gravity wave packets propagating in a shear flow

1979 • 20 citations

On the internal wave variability during the internal wave experiment (IWEX)

1979 • 19 citations

Numerical analysis of weakly nonlinear wave turbulence

1979 • 19 citations

INTERNAL WAVE KINEMATICS IN THE UPPER TROPICAL ATLANTIC

1980 • 19 citations

Nonlinear Features of Internal Waves as Derived from the SEASAT Imaging Radar

1981 • 19 citations

On generation of internal waves by turbulence in the mixed layer

1979 • 18 citations

A Statistical Description of Temperature Finestructure in the Presence of Internal Waves

1981 • 18 citations

WIND-DRIVEN INERTIAL WAVES OBSERVED DURING PHASE III OF GATE

1980 • 18 citations

Calculations of the energy transfer by the wind to near-inertial waves

1979 • 18 citations

Velocity Structure of the Benthic Ocean

1982 • 18 citations

Observations of Upper Ocean Temperature and Salinity Structure During the POLE Experiment

1979 • 18 citations

Waves in parallel or swirling stratified shear flows

1979 • 18 citations

A Formal Theory of Internal Wave Scattering with Applications to Ocean Fronts

1981 • 18 citations

The Separation of Wave-Induced and Intrusive Oceanic Finestructure

1978 • 16 citations

The kinematics of a stochastic field of internal waves modified by a mean shear current

1983 • 16 citations

Scattering of internal waves obliquely incident upon a step change in bottom relief

1981 • 15 citations

Parabolic moment equations and acoustic propagation through internal waves

1980 • 15 citations

Fluctuations of resolved acoustic multipaths at short range in the ocean

1981 • 15 citations

Heat Storage in the Oceanic Upper Mixed Layer Inferred from Landsat Data

1979 • 14 citations

A general theory of critical level absorption and valve effects for linear wave propagation

1979 • 14 citations

On resonant over-reflexion of internal gravity waves from a Helmholtz velocity profile

1979 • 14 citations

Tidal interactions in a region of large bottom slope near northwest Africa during JOINT-1

1979 • 14 citations

Non-linear internal waves in shallow water. A theoretical and experimental study

1980 • 14 citations

Hamiltonian dynamics of internal waves

1982 • 13 citations

An Analytic Theory on How Friction Affects Free Internal Waves in the Equatorial Waveguide

1981 • 13 citations

On the nonlinear reflection of a gravity wave at a critical level. Part 3

1982 • 13 citations

Scattering of Sound by Internal Wave Currents: The Relation to Vertical Momentum Flux

1981 • 13 citations

Tidal currents at two deep-sea moorings near the shelf edge

1982 • 13 citations

Self-consistent effective-medium theory of random internal waves

1982 • 13 citations

The tidal signal in inverted echo-sounder records

1982 • 13 citations

Vertical wave number spectra of temperature fine structure in the equatorial Pacific

1980 • 12 citations

Frequency spectra of acoustic fluctuations caused by oceanic internal waves and other finestructure

1980 • 12 citations

Internal-wave interactions in the induced-diffusion approximation

1982 • 12 citations

Model spectrum of magnetic induction caused by ambient internal waves

1982 • 12 citations

Solitary waves in stratified shear fiows

1979 • 11 citations

Acoustic-phase fluctuations induced by internal waves in the ocean

1976 • 11 citations

Boundary Layer under Near-Inertial Internal Waves over a Critically Sloping Bottom

1980 • 11 citations

Internal waves detected with a continental shelf current-meter array

1981 • 11 citations

Critical layers and the Garrett-Munk spectrum

1980 • 11 citations

Reciprocal acoustic transmission in a midocean environment: Fluctuations

1979 • 11 citations

A numerical simulation of the effects of oceanic finestructure on acoustic transmission

1980 • 10 citations

High‐frequency internal waves at ocean station P

1980 • 10 citations

The velocity structure of the upper ocean in the presence of surface forcing and mesoscale oceanic eddies

1983 • 10 citations

Some Observations of Baroclinic Diurnal Tides over a Near-Critical Bottom Slope

1980 • 10 citations

Observations on the energy balance of internal waves during JASIN

1983 • 10 citations

Nearly trapped internal edge waves in a geophysical ocean

1982 • 9 citations

Resonant over-reflection of internal gravity waves from a thin shear layer

1981 • 9 citations

Fluctuations in sound transmission through internal waves associated with the thermocline: A computer model for acoustic transmission through sound velocity fields calculated from thermistor chain, CTD, XBT, and acoustic backscattering

1982 • 9 citations

On leaky modes on a buoyancy interface

1979 • 9 citations

Theoretical approaches to interactions among internal waves, turbulence and finestructure

1981 • 8 citations

The spectral energy transfer from surface waves to internal waves in the ocean

1979 • 8 citations

Coupling of Internal Wave Motion with Entrainment at the Density Interface of a Two-Layer Lake

1980 • 8 citations

The tank wall effect on internal waves due to a transient vertical force moving at fixed depth in a density-stratified fluid

1980 • 8 citations

Variability in the Gulf of Cadiz: Internal Waves and Globs

1980 • 8 citations

Anomalous Behavior of Internal Gravity Waves Near Bermuda

1980 • 8 citations

Derivation of the acoustic wave equation in the presence of gravitational and rotational effects

1979 • 8 citations

The effect of dissipative processes on mean flows induced by internal gravity-wave packets

1982 • 7 citations

A note on the variability of eddy diffusion coefficients in the ocean

1979 • 6 citations

The Effects on Finestructure Measurements of Correcting for Internal Wave Strain

1982 • 6 citations

Acoustic fluctuations due to the temperature fine structure of the ocean

1981 • 5 citations

Acoustic remote sensing of high‐frequency internal waves

1979 • 5 citations

Review of some calculations of energy transport in a Garret-Munk ocean

1981 • 5 citations

Note on fine structure models in underwater acoustics

1982 • 5 citations

A numerical study of critical layer absorption

1981 • 4 citations

An Experimental Study of Gravity-Inertial Waves and Wind-Induced Kelvin-Type Upwellings in a Rotating System

1981 • 4 citations

On secondary vorticity in internal waves

1979 • 3 citations

Nonlinear stationary internal and surface waves in shallow seas

1979 • 3 citations

Some singular solutions of internal-wave equations

1980 • 3 citations

Consistent environmental acoustics: Application to stochastic internal-wave models

1980 • 3 citations

Internal modes in a submarine canyon

1982 • 3 citations

Behavior of internal gravity waves in the region of critical latitudes

1981 • 2 citations

Floras and Oxygen

1979 • 2 citations

Drift currents induced by reflection of propagating inertial and internal waves at rigid boundary

1979 • 1 citations

Internal wave transport at high vertical wavenumbers: The elastic scattering mechanism

1981 • 1 citations

Spectrum of intensity fluctuations in the internal wave frequency range

1980 • 1 citations