A Sequential Hypothesis of Instrumental Learning

Behavior Theory and Conditioning

1957 • 1,480 citations

The role of frustrative nonreward in noncontinuous reward situations.

1958 • 1,304 citations

The nature of discrimination learning in animals.

1936 • 713 citations

Partial reinforcement: A hypothesis of sequential effects.

1966 • 322 citations

Effects of amount and percentage of reinforcement and number of acquisition trials on conditioning and extinction.

1961 • 301 citations

Delay of reinforcement: A historical review.

1964 • 276 citations

Knowledge and purpose as habit mechanisms.

1930 • 266 citations

Learning Theory and Behavior

1960 • 264 citations

Partial reinforcement: A selective review of the literature since 1950.

1960 • 230 citations

Extinction as a function of partial reinforcement and distribution of practice.

1949 • 213 citations

Amount and percentage of reinforcement and duration of goal confinement in conditioning and extinction.

1958 • 200 citations

Comparison of different populations: Resistance to extinction and transfer.

1963 • 194 citations

Resistance to punishment and extinction following training with shock or nonreinforcement.

1964 • 169 citations

Amount of reinforcement and level of performance.

1944 • 151 citations

Stimulus intensity effects depend upon the type of experimental design.

1964 • 143 citations

Theoretical interpretations of learning.

2007 • 140 citations

Resistance to extinction of a running response following partial reinforcement under widely spaced trials.

1954 • 122 citations

Acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced running response at a 24-hour intertrial interval.

1958 • 120 citations

The Effect of Random and Alternating Partial Reinforcement on Resistance to Extinction in the Rat

1953 • 116 citations

Effect of N-length, number of different N-lengths, and number of reinforcements on resistance to extinction.

1964 • 104 citations

An effect of repeated conditioning-extinction upon operant strength.

1953 • 93 citations

Extinction with and without sub-goal reinforcement.

1938 • 92 citations

The effect of partial reinforcement with spaced practice on resistance to extinction in the fish.

1960 • 75 citations

The behavior of rats in relation to complex patterns of partial reinforcement.

1961 • 68 citations

Negative contrast effect as a function of magnitude of reward decrement

1966 • 68 citations

The Effect of Partial and Delayed Reinforcement on Resistance to Extinction

1951 • 65 citations

Some observations on the depression effect.

1962 • 64 citations

The effects of different amounts of training on the resistance to extinction of different patterns of partially reinforced responses.

1958 • 62 citations

Deterrents and reinforcement

1963 • 61 citations

Effect of intertrial reinforcement on the aftereffect of nonreinforcement and resistance to extinction.

1963 • 55 citations

Extinction following partial and varied reinforcement.

1956 • 53 citations

Temporal properties of reinforcement aftereffects.

1963 • 50 citations

Resistance to extinction in the rat as a function of percentage and distribution of reinforcement.

1964 • 49 citations

Constant versus variable delay of reinforcement.

1962 • 47 citations

Persistence to continuous punishment following intermittent punishment training.

1966 • 47 citations

The effect of intermittent reinforcement on the change in extinction rate following successive reconditionings.

1950 • 47 citations

Runway performance following changes in sucrose rewards

1965 • 44 citations

Escape learning as a function of amount of shock reduction.

1959 • 42 citations

Effects of amount of reinforcement and of pre- and postreinforcement delays on learning and extinction.

1956 • 42 citations

Discrete-trials lever pressing in the rat as a function of pattern reinforcement, effortfulness of response, and amount of reward.

1966 • 41 citations

Latent extinction and the fractional anticipatory response mechanism.

1957 • 41 citations

Extinction of trace conditioned responses as a function of the spacing of trials during the acquisition and extinction series.

1945 • 40 citations

Depression effect as a function of retention interval before and after shift in reward magnitude.

1964 • 38 citations

Experimental extinction as a function of the intertrial intervals during conditioning and extinction.

1952 • 38 citations

Successive acquisitions and extinctions of a jumping habit in relation to schedule of reinforcement.

1955 • 37 citations

Intertrial reinforcement and aftereffects at 24-hour intervals

1964 • 33 citations

Further Experiments on Partial Reinforcement in the Fish

1963 • 33 citations

Runway performance following a reduction in the concentration of a liquid reward.

1962 • 33 citations

Effect of goal box similarity on the after-effect of nonreinforcement and resistance to extinction.

1963 • 31 citations

Stimulus consequences of reinforcement and nonreforcement: Stimulus traces or memory

1964 • 31 citations

Eyelid conditioning as a function of CS intensity, UCS intensity, and manifest anxiety scale score.

1963 • 31 citations

Intertrial reinforcement and the partial reinforcement effect as a function of number of training trials

1965 • 30 citations

Partial-reinforcement extinction effect following different amounts of training.

1962 • 30 citations

Influence of a small number of partial reinforcement training trials on resistance to extinction.

1962 • 28 citations

Aftereffects and delay of reward.

1966 • 27 citations

Influence of deprivation and availability of goal box cues on the temporal gradient of reinforcement.

1963 • 26 citations

Effects of intertrial reinforcement on resistance to extinction following extended training.

1965 • 26 citations

Changes in response measures over repeated acquisitions and extinctions of a running habit.

1957 • 23 citations

Effects of delay on subsequent running under immediate reinforcement.

1963 • 22 citations

Performance under a single alternation schedule of reinforcement at 24-hour intertrial intervals

1965 • 21 citations

Effects of Alternating Partial Reinforcement and Alternating Delay of Reinforcement on a Runway Response

1963 • 20 citations

Relative Effects of Delayed Reinforcement and Partial Reinforcement on Acquisition and Extinction

1961 • 18 citations

Patterning effects in partially delayed reinforcement.

1959 • 18 citations

Acquisition and transfer in partial reinforcement.

1962 • 17 citations

Decremental and facilitative effects in the straight-alley runway under partial reinforcement.

1962 • 17 citations

Successive acquisitions and extinctions of an instrumental response.

1962 • 15 citations

Reward magnitude shifts: A savings effect

1966 • 14 citations

Differential responding on reinforcement and nonreinforcement trials occurring in fixed repeating patterns

1964 • 13 citations

The effect of continuous, partial, and varied magnitude reinforcement on acquisition and extinction.

1961 • 12 citations

Percentage of reward vs. N-length in the runway

1965 • 12 citations

Resistance to extinction as a function of constant delay of reinforcement

1965 • 12 citations

The role of overlearning trials in determining resistance to extinction.

1961 • 12 citations

Schedule of partial delay of reinforcement and resistance to extinction.

1965 • 11 citations

Effect of transitions from nonreinforced to reinforced trials under spaced-trial conditions.

1963 • 10 citations

Sequential versus nonsequential variables in partial delay of reward.

1967 • 10 citations

Nonreward confinement duration: The complement of reward magnitude

1965 • 10 citations

Stimulus specificity: Nonreward.

1966 • 10 citations

Reinforcement aftereffects and intertrial interval.

1966 • 9 citations

Resistance to Extinction in the Pigeon as a Function of Secondary Reinforcement and Pattern of Partial Reinforcement

1965 • 7 citations

Stimulus aftereffects and the partial-reinforcement extinction effect.

1957 • 7 citations

Stimulus aftereffects of bar pressing

1965 • 5 citations

Learning

1958 • 5 citations

Comment

1965 • 5 citations

Sequence of delayed reward and nonrewarded trials.

1966 • 4 citations