2D crystallization: from art to science

Intermolecular and Surface Forces

2011 • 17,408 citations

Intermolecular and Surface Forces

2011 • 9,009 citations

The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes

1972 • 8,835 citations

Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy

1990 • 2,969 citations

Insoluble monolayers at liquid-gas interfaces

1966 • 2,626 citations

Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 Å resolution

1981 • 2,490 citations

Three-dimensional model of purple membrane obtained by electron microscopy

1975 • 2,259 citations

Insoluble Monolayers at Liquid-gas Interfaces

1966 • 2,252 citations

The hydrophobic effect

1980 • 1,922 citations

Films Built by Depositing Successive Monomolecular Layers on a Solid Surface

1935 • 1,718 citations

Cholesterol and the cell membrane

1985 • 1,465 citations

Physical principles of membrane organization

1980 • 1,381 citations

Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability.

1985 • 904 citations

Direct visualization of monolayers at the air-water interface by Brewster angle microscopy

1991 • 887 citations

Structure of the influenza virus glycoprotein antigen neuraminidase at 2.9 Å resolution

1983 • 875 citations

Microscope at the Brewster angle: Direct observation of first-order phase transitions in monolayers

1991 • 826 citations

Protein crystallography

1977 • 713 citations

Structure of the junction between communicating cells

1980 • 697 citations

The operator-binding domain of λ repressor: structure and DNA recognition

1982 • 528 citations

Structural order of lipids and proteins in membranes: evaluation of fluorescence anisotropy data.

1979 • 364 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of streptavidin on biotinylated lipid layers and their interactions with biotinylated macromolecules

1991 • 339 citations

Two-dimensional crystallization technique for imaging macromolecules, with application to antigen–antibody–complement complexes

1983 • 332 citations

F-actin is a helix with a random variable twist

1982 • 322 citations

A low resolution structure for the histone core of the nucleosome

1980 • 309 citations

Miniantibodies: use of amphipathic helixes to produce functional, flexibly linked dimeric FV fragments with high avidity in Escherichia coli

1992 • 294 citations

Two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins

1992 • 292 citations

Isolation and characterization of the host protein groE involved in bacteriophage lambda assembly

1979 • 272 citations

Refolding of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid bilayers

1987 • 271 citations

A Tunnel in the Large Ribosomal Subunit Revealed by Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction

1987 • 265 citations

Interaction between biotin lipids and streptavidin in monolayers: formation of oriented two-dimensional protein domains induced by surface recognition

1989 • 251 citations

States of Aggregation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein

1971 • 250 citations

Ion channel of acetylcholine receptor reconstructed from images of postsynaptic membranes

1988 • 247 citations

Large scale purification and immunolocalization of bovine uroplakins I, II, and III. Molecular markers of urothelial differentiation.

1990 • 237 citations

Detergent structure in crystals of a bacterial photosynthetic reaction centre

1989 • 212 citations

Characterization of complexes between recA protein and duplex DNA by electron microscopy

1982 • 212 citations

A study of the structure of the T‐layer of bacillus brevis

1973 • 191 citations

Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme determined by electron crystallography

1989 • 189 citations

Three-dimensional structure of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b–protein complex

1984 • 176 citations

Three-Dimensional Structure of Cholera Toxin Penetrating a Lipid Membrane

1988 • 166 citations

Three-dimensional structure of yeast RNA polymerase II at 16 Å resolution

1991 • 161 citations

Induction of a sheet polymer of tubulin by Zn2+

1976 • 160 citations

Recombinant 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor. Stoichiometry of binding to TNF alpha and TNF beta and inhibition of TNF activity.

1991 • 154 citations

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins

1992 • 153 citations

Three-dimensional reconstruction of negatively stained crystals of the Ca2+-ATPase from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

1986 • 153 citations

Temperature-dependent aggregation of bacteriorhodopsin in dipalmitoyl- and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles

1978 • 152 citations

Membrane topology and quaternary structure of cardiac gap junction ion channels

1992 • 150 citations

Ultrastructure of a periodic protein layer in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

1977 • 148 citations

Two-dimensional crystal packing of matrix porin

1983 • 145 citations

Structural architecture of an outer membrane channel as determined by electron crystallography

1991 • 145 citations

STUDIES ON AMPHIBIAN YOLK

1963 • 144 citations

Crystallization of a non-muscle actin

1976 • 144 citations

The Structure of Cytochrome b5 at 2.0 A Resolution

1972 • 143 citations

Sub-domain structure of lipid-bound annexin-V resolved by electron image analysis

1991 • 141 citations

A negative staining—carbon film technique for studying viruses in the electron microscope

1974 • 138 citations

[38] Thermal stability of rhodopsin and opsin in some novel detergents

1982 • 138 citations

Electron microscopy of the stacked disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein

1974 • 134 citations

Measurement and evaluation of electron diffraction patterns from two-dimensional crystals

1984 • 134 citations

Lipid-Protein Interaction in Reconstituted CytochromecOxidase/Phospholipid Membranes

1978 • 132 citations

Principles of organization in eubacterial and archaebacterial surface proteins

1989 • 126 citations

Probing actin polymerization by intermolecular cross-linking.

1988 • 118 citations

The structural basis for the intrinsic disorder of the actin filament: the "lateral slipping" model.

1991 • 118 citations

Purification and lipid-layer crystallization of yeast RNA polymerase II.

1990 • 113 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of proteins on lipid layers

1991 • 111 citations

Electron Microscopic Studies of Lipid Protein Films

1971 • 109 citations

High-resolution electron crystallography of light-harvesting chlorophyll -protein complex in three different media

1991 • 108 citations

Visualization of alpha-helices in tobacco mosaic virus by cryo-electron microscopy

1989 • 107 citations

Three-dimensional structure of NADH: Ubiquinone reductase (complex I) from Neurospora mitochondria determined by electron microscopy of membrane crystals

1987 • 106 citations

Formation of two-dimensional crystals in pure membrane-bound Na⁺ ,K⁺ -ATPase

1981 • 105 citations

Structure of the tubulin dimer in zinc-induced sheets

1978 • 101 citations

Two forms of isolated gap junctions

1979 • 100 citations

Gene 20 product of bacteriophage T4 its purification and structure

1981 • 100 citations

Biological membrane structure. III. The lattice structure of membranous cytochrome oxidase

1972 • 99 citations

Nucleosome Arcs and Helices

1978 • 98 citations

Densely packed β-structure at the protein-lipid interface of porin is revealed by high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy

1989 • 98 citations

Light scattering of proteins as a criterion for crystallization

1992 • 97 citations

Crystallization of p68 on lipid monolayers and as three-dimensional single crystals

1989 • 94 citations

Alteration of synaptic membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio using a lipid transfer protein. Effect on gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.

1983 • 94 citations

Three-dimensional structure of cytochrome c oxidase vesicle crystals in negative stain

1982 • 92 citations

Two-dimensional crystallization of proteins on mercury

1990 • 90 citations

Phospholipase-Induced Crystallization of Channels in Mitochondrial Outer Membranes

1984 • 89 citations

Orthorhombic two-dimensional crystal form of purple membrane.

1980 • 86 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme on positively charged lipid layers

1988 • 86 citations

Self-assembly of the hexagonally and tetragonally arranged subunits of bacterial surface layers and their reattachment to cell walls

1976 • 85 citations

Lens gap junctions and orthogonal arrays are unrelated

1980 • 85 citations

Crystalline actin sheets: their structure and polymorphism.

1981 • 84 citations

Effects of Bivalent Cations and Proteins on Thermotropic Properties of Phospholipid Membranes: Implications for the Molecular Mechanism of Fusion and Endocytosis

1977 • 82 citations

Effects of bivalent cations and proteins on thermotropic properties of phospholipid membranes

1977 • 80 citations

Interaction of cholera toxin with ganglioside GM1 receptors in supported lipid monolayers

1987 • 80 citations

Structure of CaATPase: Electron microscopy of frozen-hydrated crystals at 6 Å resolution in projection

1990 • 78 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of cholera toxin B-subunit-receptor complexes: projected structure at 17-A resolution.

1986 • 77 citations

Structure of the S-layer of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

1982 • 74 citations

Three-dimensional model of membrane-bound ribosomes obtained by electron microscopy

1977 • 74 citations

Membrane crystals of ubiquinone:cytochrome c reductase from Neurospora mitochondria

1979 • 73 citations

Investigation of the structure of trimeric and monomeric photosystem I reaction centre complexes

1988 • 73 citations

Structure of ATPase (coupling factor TF1) from a thermophilic bacterium

1977 • 68 citations

Improved transfer of two-dimensional crystals from the air/water interface to specimen support grids for high-resolution analysis by electron microscopy

1991 • 68 citations

Structural studies of cytochrome reductase

1983 • 67 citations

THE STATE OF HEMOGLOBIN IN SICKLED ERYTHROCYTES

1966 • 67 citations

Rapid isolation of OmpF porin-LPS complexes suitable for structure-function studies

1989 • 67 citations

THE LIPID‐PROTEIN INTERFACE IN BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES *

1980 • 66 citations

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the connector of bacteriophage φ29 at 1.8 nm resolution

1986 • 66 citations

Ordered arrays of the photosystem I reaction centre after reconstitution: projections and surface reliefs of the complex at 2 nm resolution.

1990 • 64 citations

A porin‐type protein is the main constituent of the cell envelope of the ancestral eubacterium Thermotoga maritima

1990 • 63 citations

The structure of the stalk surface layer of a brine pond microorganism: correlation averaging applied to a double layered lattice structure

1985 • 63 citations

Crystallization of Ca2+-ATPase in detergent-solubilized sarcoplasmic reticulum.

1987 • 61 citations

The Three‐Dimensional Structure of the Actin Filament Revisited^a

1986 • 61 citations

Monomolecular films on mercury

1972 • 61 citations

Electron Crystallography of Organic Molecules

1994 • 61 citations

Orientation, recognition, and photoreaction of nucleolipids in model membranes

1990 • 60 citations

Two-dimensional crystals formed from photosynthetic reaction centers.

1983 • 60 citations

Ribosome arrangement during oogenesis of Lacerta sicula Raf

1972 • 60 citations

Three-dimensional structural analysis of tetanus toxin by electron crystallography

1988 • 59 citations

Monolayer Crystallization of Flagellar L-P Rings by Sequential Addition and Depletion of Lipid

1991 • 59 citations

Bacteriophage T3 connector: Three-dimensional structure and comparison with other viral head-tail connecting regions

1988 • 58 citations

Synergisms in binary surfactant mixtures

1988 • 58 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of enzyme-effector complexes: ribonucleotide reductase at 18-.ANG. resolution

1987 • 57 citations

In vitro vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals.

1982 • 56 citations

Actin microcrystals and tubes formed in the presence of gadolinium ions

1978 • 56 citations

Characterization by electron microscopy of isolated particles and two-dimensional crystals of the CP47-D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 complex of photosystem II

1990 • 55 citations

Structure of the actin molecule determined from electron micrographs of crystalline actin sheets with a tentative alignment of the molecule in the actin filament

1983 • 54 citations

The influence of heptane‐1,2,3‐triol on the size and shape of LDAO micelles Implications for the crystallisation of membrane proteins

1991 • 54 citations

Crystals of skeletal muscle actin: Pancreatic DNAase I complex

1977 • 53 citations

Structural studies on porcine brain tubulin in extended sheets

1977 • 52 citations

Structure of crystalline actin sheets

1980 • 52 citations

Three-dimensional electron diffraction of PhoE porin to 2·8resolution

1990 • 51 citations

Glutamine synthetase forms three- and seven-stranded helical cables.

1975 • 51 citations

Reconstitution of an ordered structure from major outer membrane constituents and the lipoprotein-bearing peptidoglycan sacculus of Escherichia coli

1978 • 51 citations

Electron microscopy and image analysis of two-dimensional crystals and single molecules of alcohol oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha

1990 • 51 citations

The three-dimensional structure of the Na,K-ATPase from electron microscopy.

1987 • 50 citations

Two-dimensional and epitaxial crystallization of a mutant form of yeast RNA polymerase II

1991 • 49 citations

Hexagonal Structure of Two-Dimensional Crystals of the α3β3 Complex of Thermophilic ATP Synthase1

1989 • 49 citations

Crystalline ribosomes are present in brains from senile humans.

1980 • 47 citations

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a / b -protein: Three-dimensional structure of a reconstituted membrane lattice in negative stain

1985 • 47 citations

Crystalline states of a modified fibrinogen

1977 • 46 citations

Structure of the Channels in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

1986 • 45 citations

The structure of the Ca2+ ATPase as revealed by electron microscopy and image processing of ordered arrays

1983 • 45 citations

Crystals of modified fibrinogen: Size, shape and packing of molecules

1978 • 45 citations

Three-dimensional reconstruction of maltoporin from electron microscopy and image processing.

1988 • 44 citations

Localization of the lipopolysaccharides in metal-shadowed reconstituted lipid-porin membranes

1990 • 42 citations

Electron imaging of crotoxin complex thin crystal at 3.5 Å

1984 • 41 citations

Naturally crystalline porin in the outer membrane of Bordetella pertussis

1988 • 40 citations

Interfacial energies and surface‐tension forces involved in the preparation of thin, flat crystals of biological macromolecules for high‐resolution electron microscopy

1991 • 40 citations

Two‐dimensional crystallization of DNA gyrase B subunit on specifically designed lipid monolayers

1990 • 39 citations

Conditions of two-dimensional crystallization of cholera toxin B-subunit on lipid films containing ganglioside GM1*1

1991 • 39 citations

Structure of the cytochrome c oxidase dimer electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals

1982 • 38 citations

Crystallized tubules in the mitochondrial matrix of adrenal cortical cells

1967 • 38 citations

Structural study of the yeast RNA polymerase A

1990 • 37 citations

In vitro assembly of gap junctions

1991 • 36 citations

Crystalline layers and three-dimensional structure ofStaphylococcus aureus α-toxin

1990 • 36 citations

Three-dimensional image of tubulin in zinc-induced sheets, reconstructed from electron micrographs

1979 • 35 citations

Small-angle neutron scattering from aqueous mixed colloids of lecithin and bile salt

2007 • 35 citations

Evaporated carbon stabilizes thin, frozen-hydrated specimens

1989 • 34 citations

Structure of the porin from a bacterial stalk

1987 • 33 citations

Tubulin hoops

1977 • 32 citations

Novel crystalline sheets of Na,K-ATPase induced by phospholipase A2

1985 • 30 citations

[21] Analysis of two-dimensional crystals of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum

1988 • 30 citations

Deoxylysolecithin and a new biphenyl detergent as solubilizing agents for bovine rhodopsin. Functional test by formation of metarhodopsin II and binding of G-protein

1987 • 30 citations

Preliminary X-ray diffraction data for tetragonal crystals of trypsinized Escherichia coli elongation factor

1977 • 30 citations

Two-dimensional crystalline arrays of Na,K-ATPase with new subunit interactions induced by cobalt-tetrammine-ATP

1989 • 28 citations

High-resolution electron diffraction of reconstituted PhoE porin

1988 • 28 citations

Two-dimensional crystallization of a bacterial surface protein on lipid vesicles under controlled conditions

1992 • 28 citations

Image analysis by electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals developed on a mercury surface of chaperonin from Thermus thermophilus.

1991 • 28 citations

The production of paracrystalline two-dimensional monolayers of purified protein molecules

1982 • 27 citations

Synthetic lipid-anchored receptors based on the binding site of a monoclonal antibody

1992 • 27 citations

Two-dimensional crystalline sheets of Bacillus stearothermophilus 50S ribosomal particles.

1984 • 27 citations

The Formation of Virus Crystalline and Paracrystalline Arrays for Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis

1979 • 26 citations

Structure of (Na+,K+)-ATPase as revealed by electron microscopy and image processing.

1984 • 26 citations

Purification and characterization of gene 8 product of bacteriophage T3

1985 • 25 citations

Crystallization and preliminary electron diffraction study to 3.7 Å of DNA helix-destabilizing protein gp32∗I

1978 • 25 citations

The negative staining-carbon film procedure: Technical considerations and a survey of macromolecular applications

1991 • 25 citations

Ribosomal Crystalline Arrays of Large Subunits from Escherichia coli

1982 • 25 citations

In vitro crystallization of ribosomes from chick embryos.

1982 • 23 citations

Ultrastructure of striated inclusions in Neurospora

1970 • 21 citations

Structural analysis of two‐dimensional arrays of cholera toxin b‐subunit

1991 • 21 citations

Helical arrays of Escherichia coli small ribosomal subunits produced in vitro

1979 • 21 citations

Capsid fine structure of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus: from a computer analysis of negatively stained virus arrays

1978 • 21 citations

A miniaturized micro-fluorescence film balance for protein-containing lipid monolayers spread from a vesicle suspension

1991 • 21 citations

A negative staining-carbon film technique for studying viruses in the electron microscope

1975 • 18 citations

Molecular portrait of lens gap junction protein MP70

1990 • 18 citations

Self-organization of IgE immunoglobulins on phospholipid films

1987 • 18 citations

Mikroparakristalle, die Welt zwischen Kristallinem und Amorphen

1980 • 18 citations

Crystallization and Preliminary Crystallographic Data of Chicken Gizzard G-Actin. DNase I Complex and <italic>Physarum</italic> G-Actin· DNase I Complex<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref>

1979 • 16 citations

Intranuclear crystalloids in leaves and styles of Linaria vulgaris mill

1980 • 16 citations

The three‐dimensional structure of the regular surface protein of Comamonas acidovorans derived from native outer membranes and reconstituted two‐dimensional crystals

1991 • 16 citations

The molecular architecture of extracellular hemoglobin of Eophila tellinii

1989 • 15 citations

The formation of two-dimensional arrays of isometric plant viruses in the presence of polyethylene glycol

1981 • 15 citations

Paracrystalline Arrays of Protein‐Synthesis Elongation Factor Tu

1978 • 15 citations

Two‐dimensional crystallization experiments*

1986 • 14 citations

Crystalline aggregation of a proteolytic fragment of the major head protein of bacteriophage T4

1979 • 11 citations

An analysis of the mechanism of crystallization of glutamic dehydrogenase

1975 • 11 citations

Two-dimensional crystals of Escherichia coli maltoporin and their interaction with the maltose-binding protein

1992 • 11 citations

Intranuclear crystalline inclusions in spermatozoa ofLumbricus terrestris

1968 • 11 citations

Preliminary X-ray investigation of fragment 1 of bovine prothrombin

1977 • 11 citations

Antibody organization on lipid films. Influence of pH and interchain disulphide reduction

1990 • 10 citations

Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin in zinc-induced sheets

1984 • 10 citations

D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase: Function-dependent structural changes

1989 • 10 citations

Fusion of the mitochondrial outer membrane: use in forming large, two-dimensional crystals of the voltage-dependent, anion-selective channel protein

1989 • 10 citations

15 Preparation of Two-dimensional Arrays of Soluble Proteins as Demonstrated for Bacterial D-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

1988 • 9 citations

Tubulin assembly

1977 • 9 citations

Tubular arrays of the actin-DNase I complex induced by gadolinium.

1984 • 8 citations

Three-dimensional structure of the surface protein ofClostridium thermosaccharolyticum

1987 • 6 citations

[8] Crystallization of membrane-bound Na(+,K+-ATPase in two dimensions

1988 • 6 citations

Two‐dimensional crystallization of reaction centers from Chloroflexus aurantiacus

1990 • 4 citations