3,4-Methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine: Defining the risks to humans

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1988 • 2,778 citations

The serotonin syndrome

1991 • 1,317 citations

Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens

1986 • 549 citations

Neurotoxicity of the psychedelic amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

1987 • 526 citations

Biochemical and histological evidence that methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is toxic to neurons in the rat brain.

1987 • 451 citations

Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of ‘Ecstasy’ users and their experiences with the drug

1992 • 427 citations

Review of the pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”)

1995 • 424 citations

Neurotoxicity profiles of substituted amphetamines in the C57BL/6J mouse.

1994 • 408 citations

Subjective Reports of the Effects of MDMA in a Clinical Setting

1986 • 406 citations

Serotonin Neurotoxicity after (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”): A Controlled Study in Humans

1994 • 336 citations

MDMA-induced neurotoxicity: Parameters of degeneration and recovery of brain serotonin neurons

1988 • 318 citations

Drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use among 15 and 16 year olds in the United Kingdom

1996 • 304 citations

In vitro and in vivo neurochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on striatal monoaminergic systems in the rat brain

1987 • 301 citations

(±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Selectively Damages Central Serotonergic Neurons in Nonhuman Primates

1988 • 294 citations

Pathology of deaths associated with "ecstasy" and "eve" misuse.

1996 • 278 citations

Reorganization of ascending 5-HT axon projections in animals previously exposed to the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")

1995 • 268 citations

Lasting effects of (+-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on central serotonergic neurons in nonhuman primates: neurochemical observations.

1992 • 262 citations

Toxic effects of MDMA on central serotonergic neurons in the primate: importance of route and frequency of drug administration

1988 • 255 citations

Neurotoxicity of MDMA and Related Compounds: Anatomic Studies^a

1990 • 251 citations

The demethylenation of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”) by debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6)

1994 • 237 citations

Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'ecstasy': evidence for memory deficits

1998 • 227 citations

Serotonin receptor subtypes : basic and clinical aspects

1991 • 217 citations

The dorsal and medial raphe projections to the substantia nigra in the rat: Electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioural observations

1978 • 208 citations

Diversity of Psychopathology Associated with use of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)

1994 • 191 citations

Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class

1986 • 187 citations

Can Drugs Be Used to Enhance the Psychotherapeutic Process?

1986 • 186 citations

Depression of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity following the acute administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine

1987 • 184 citations

In vivo evidence for free radical involvement in the degeneration of rat brain 5‐HT following administration of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and p‐chloroamphetamine but not the degeneration following fenfluramine

1997 • 176 citations

Psychobiologic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans: methodological considerations and preliminary observations

1995 • 175 citations

A study of the neurotoxic effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on 5‐HT neurones in the brains of mothers and neonates following administration of the drug during pregnancy

1997 • 169 citations

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") selectively destroys brain serotonin terminals in rhesus monkeys.

1989 • 162 citations

MDMA (Ecstasy) and the Rave: A Review

1997 • 155 citations

The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens

1996 • 154 citations

CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE NEW PSYCHOTOMIMETICS

1978 • 154 citations

Multiple Severe Complications From Recreational Ingestion of MDMA ('Ecstasy')

1987 • 154 citations

Drug discrimination studies with MDMA and amphetamine

1988 • 148 citations

Co-administration of MDMA with drugs that protect against MDMA neurotoxicity produces different effects on body temperature in the rat.

1996 • 147 citations

Relationship of the structure of mescaline and seven analogs to toxicity and behavior in five species of laboratory animals

1973 • 143 citations

Self-administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by rhesus monkeys

1986 • 142 citations

Subjective reports on the effects of the MDMA (‘ecstasy’) experience in humans

1995 • 139 citations

Centrally active N-substituted analogs of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)

1980 • 139 citations

Ecstasy (MDMA) in Recreational Users: Self-Reported Psychological and Physiological Effects

1997 • 137 citations

Differences in the central serotonergic effects of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice and rats

1987 • 131 citations

Chronic paranoid psychosis after misuse of MDMA ("ecstasy")

1991 • 131 citations

Self-injection of d,1-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon

1987 • 128 citations

Differences between rats and mice in MDMA (methylenedioxymethylamphetamine) neurotoxicity

1988 • 126 citations

Places and patterns of drug use in the Scottish dance scene

1996 • 124 citations

Serotonergic-dopaminergic mediation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”)

1988 • 120 citations

Electrophysiology of the Central Serotonin System: Receptor Subtypes and Transducer Mechanisms^a

1990 • 115 citations

Ecstasy: The Clinical, Pharmacological and Neurotoxicological Effects of the Drug MDMA

1990 • 114 citations

The Neuropharmacology of Serotonin

1990 • 110 citations

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced serotonin deficits are followed by partial recovery over a 52-week period. Part I: Synaptosomal uptake and tissue concentrations.

1996 • 109 citations

Aminergic Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Humans Previously Exposed to MDMA: Preliminary Observations^a

1990 • 106 citations

Further investigation of the discriminative stimulus properties of MDA

1984 • 105 citations

Pharmacokinetics of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Clinical Relevance

1996 • 105 citations

Psychological Effects of MDE in Normal Subjects

1993 • 104 citations

Ecstasy Intoxication: An Overlap Between Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

1996 • 94 citations

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced serotonin deficits are followed by partial recovery over a 52-week period. Part II: Radioligand binding and autoradiography studies.

1996 • 94 citations

The role of temperature, stress, and other factors in the neurotoxicity of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and fenfluramine

1995 • 93 citations

CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) transgenic mice show resistance to the lethal effects of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

1994 • 93 citations

Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses to Intravenous L-Tryptophan in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Users

1989 • 92 citations

Acute administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine: comparison with the neurochemical effects of its N-desmethyl and N-ethyl analogs

1987 • 91 citations

Role of hypothermia in the mechanism of protection against serotonergic toxicity. I. Experiments using 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, dizocilpine, CGS 19755 and NBQX.

1995 • 90 citations

Drug‐induced discrimination: A description of the paradigm and a review of its specific application to the study of hallucinogenic agents

1983 • 89 citations

The abused drug MDMA (Ecstasy) induces programmed death of human serotonergic cells

1997 • 89 citations

A role for the mesolimbic dopamine system in the psychostimulant actions of MDMA

1989 • 88 citations

Evaluation of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy

1967 • 85 citations

MDMA (“Ecstasy”) and panic disorder: Induction by a single dose

1992 • 83 citations

Increasing Use of “Ecstasy“ (MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus

1994 • 82 citations

Clinical data on the role of serotonin in the mechanism(s) of action of antidepressant drugs.

1990 • 82 citations

MDMA (Ecstasy) precipitation of panic disorder

1992 • 81 citations

Methamphetamine-induced serotonin neurotoxicity is mediated by superoxide radicals

1995 • 80 citations

ECSTACY: A Review of MDMA and MDA

1987 • 79 citations

The Clandestine Drug Laboratory Situation in the United States

1983 • 77 citations

A comparison of the neurotoxic potential of methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and its N-methylated and N-ethylated derivatives

1987 • 77 citations

Structure‐Activity Relationships of MDMA and Related Compounds: A New Class of Psychoactive Drugs?^a

1990 • 76 citations

Exertional heat stroke induced by amphetamine analogues

1993 • 75 citations

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, serotonin and memory.

1993 • 75 citations

Places and patterns of drug use in the Scottish dance scene

1996 • 73 citations

5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, a serotonergic neutotoxin, is formed endogenously in the rat brain

1987 • 73 citations

Alterations in hippocampal function following repeated exposure to the amphetamine derivative methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”)

1991 • 66 citations

(+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine selectively damages central serotonergic neurons in nonhuman primates

1988 • 64 citations

A study of the mechanism of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced neurotoxicity of 5‐HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds

1994 • 63 citations

The threshold lowering effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on brain-stimulation reward

1988 • 62 citations

Effects of Cortical Serotonin Depletion Induced by 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavior, Before and After Additional Cholinergic Blockade

1993 • 61 citations

PMA deaths in Ontario.

1974 • 61 citations

Biogenic amines and their metabolites in body fluids of normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects

1989 • 60 citations

Effects of MDMA on Complex Brain Function in Laboratory Animals

1997 • 57 citations

Oral administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces selective serotonergic depletion in the nonhuman primate

1993 • 56 citations

Structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action of hallucinogenic agents based on drug discrimination and radioligand binding studies.

1986 • 55 citations

Methylenedioxyamphetamine. Clinical description of overdose, death, and review of pharmacology

1981 • 55 citations

Neuropathological evaluation by combined immunohistochemistry and degeneration-specific methods: application to methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

1988 • 54 citations

Reinforcing Subjective Effects of (??) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (???Ecstasy???) May Be Separable from its Neurotoxic Actions

1993 • 54 citations

Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA)

1995 • 54 citations

Effect of MK-801 on the decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase induced by methamphetamine and its methylenedioxy analog

1989 • 53 citations

Multiple severe complications from recreational ingestion of MDMA ('Ecstasy')

1987 • 51 citations

Hyperthermia associated with 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine ('Eve')

1993 • 50 citations

Selective modulation of immune function resulting from in vitro exposure to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy)

1995 • 49 citations

The effects of (±)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (±)-methylenedioxyamphetamine in monkeys trained to discriminate (+)-amphetamine from saline

1986 • 48 citations

A Fatal Trip with Ecstasy: A Case of 3,4-Methylene-Dioxymethamphetamine/ 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Amphetamine Toxicity

1996 • 48 citations

Another death from Ecstacy.

1992 • 46 citations

Accidental ingestion of 'Ecstasy' (3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine).

1992 • 45 citations

Aplastic anaemia following exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)

1994 • 44 citations

Toxicity of MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) considered for relevance to hazards of MDMA (Ecstasy) abuse.

1987 • 44 citations

Psychiatric complications of 'Ecstasy' use

1994 • 43 citations

Evidence that both intragastric and subcutaneous administration of methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) produce serotonin neurotoxicity in rhesus monkeys

1989 • 41 citations

Stimulus effects of N-monoethyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (MDE) and N-hydroxy-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (N-OH MDA) in rats trained to discriminate MDMA from saline

1989 • 41 citations

Hydroxyl Radical‐Mediated Oxidation of Serotonin: Potential Insights into the Neurotoxicity of Methamphetamine

1995 • 41 citations

The action of some amines related to adrenaline: methoxy‐phenylisopropylamines

1939 • 40 citations

Psychiatry, psychopharmacology and P-450s

1996 • 39 citations

Adverse symptomatology and suicide associated with the use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstasy”)

1996 • 38 citations

Recreational Use of MDMA

1990 • 38 citations

History of MDMA

1990 • 35 citations

The Properties of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). I. A Review of the Literature

1973 • 35 citations

‘Ecstasy’ Ingestion: A Case Report of Severe Complications

1993 • 35 citations

A Fatal Case Involving Methylenedioxyamphetamine

1972 • 33 citations

Acute effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on several complex brain functions in monkeys

1995 • 32 citations

Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Effects of MDE in Healthy Volunteers

1993 • 30 citations

Sleep EEG effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDE; “Eve”) in healthy volunteers

1992 • 30 citations

Another Abusable Amphetamine

1970 • 30 citations

Serotonergic modulation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-elicited reduction of response rate but not rewarding threshold in accumbal self-stimulation

1997 • 30 citations

Comparative behavioural and neurochemical studies with a psychomotor stimulant, an hallucinogen and 3,4-methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine

1995 • 27 citations

Inhibition of MAO-B protects against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum

1995 • 25 citations

Human Deaths and Toxic Reactions Attributed to MDMA and MDEA

1990 • 24 citations

The Public Health Implications of MDMA Use

1990 • 23 citations

Methamphetamine‐induced Neurotoxicity: Structure Activity Relationships

1992 • 21 citations

Effects of N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE) on central serotonergic and dopaminergic systems of the rat

1987 • 20 citations

Abnormal ACTH and prolactin responses to fenfluramine in rats exposed to single and multiple doses of MDMA

1997 • 19 citations

Animal Models for Assessing Hallucinogenic Agents

2003 • 18 citations

Behavioral effects of N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE; “EVE”)

1987 • 18 citations

Discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

1992 • 17 citations

Comparison of conditioned taste aversions produced by MDMA and d-amphetamine

1993 • 17 citations

3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) self-administration and neurotoxicity

1991 • 14 citations

MDA and DOM: Substituted amphetamines that do not produce amphetamine-like discriminative stimuli in the rat

1980 • 13 citations

The effects of amphetamine-like designer drugs on monoaminergic systems in rat brain.

1987 • 13 citations

Enhanced learning following a single, acute dose of MDA

1993 • 12 citations

A dual approach to self-stimulation and locomotor trace affected by chronic methamphetamine treatment for an animal model of schizophrenia

1993 • 11 citations

Another abusable amphetamine

1970 • 10 citations

Walking on the moon

1996 • 10 citations

Structure-Activity Relationships of MDMA and Related Compounds: A New Class of Psychoactive Agents?

1990 • 6 citations

Lack of neurotoxicity after intra-raphe micro-injections of MDMA ("ecstasy").

1990 • 5 citations

Preclinical Behavioral Approaches for Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Drugs of Abuse

2003 • 3 citations

Metabolic, behavioral and neurochemical studies of 3,4-methylenedioxy analogues of amphetamine

1995 • 2 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations