Aversive Conditioning Methodology in Animal Research

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1955

1957 • 4,104 citations

Handbook of Experimental Psychology

1952 • 2,411 citations

Some quantitative properties of anxiety.

1941 • 1,366 citations

Behavior theory and conditioning.

1956 • 848 citations

Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus.

1951 • 649 citations

Personality and behavior disorders.

1945 • 549 citations

Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.

1948 • 520 citations

Experimental Psychology

1939 • 500 citations

On the nature of fear.

1946 • 481 citations

Learning theory and personality dynamics.

1951 • 456 citations

An experimental study of punishment.

1944 • 383 citations

Two temporal parameters of the maintenance of avoidance behavior by the white rat.

1953 • 370 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition in normal dogs.

1953 • 355 citations

The retention of an incompletely learned avoidance response.

1957 • 274 citations

Knowledge and purpose as habit mechanisms.

1930 • 266 citations

Conditioning and learning.

1940 • 257 citations

Gradients of approach and avoidance responses and their relation to level of motivation.

1948 • 247 citations

Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis.

1954 • 221 citations

An experimental approach to anxiety, escape and avoidance behavior.

2006 • 211 citations

Fear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning.

1946 • 203 citations

The Role of Incentive in Conditioning and Extinction

1938 • 162 citations

The effects of termination of the CS and avoidance of the US on avoidance learning.

1956 • 150 citations

A functional interpretation of the conditioned reflex.

1929 • 143 citations

Avoidance conditioning and signal duration -- a study of secondary motivation and reward.

1942 • 134 citations

The role of fear in the motivation and acquisition of responses.

1949 • 122 citations

Strength of fear as a function of the number of acquisition and extinction trials.

1954 • 113 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: the effects of CS-US interval with a trace-conditioning procedure.

1954 • 109 citations

Shock intensity and avoidance learning.

1955 • 106 citations

Conditioned Responses in the White Rat

1934 • 100 citations

An experimental analogue of "regression" with incidental observations on "reaction-formation."

1940 • 98 citations

The effects of shock intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response in dogs.

1957 • 97 citations

Some effects of punishment and intercurrent "anxiety" on a simple operant.

1955 • 97 citations

PERSONALITY AND THE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS

1944 • 91 citations

Contiguity vs. Drive-Reduction in Conditioned Fear: Temporal Variations in Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimulus

1954 • 90 citations

The effect upon generalized drive strength of emotionality as inferred from the level of consummatory response.

1950 • 71 citations

Experimentally acquired drives.

1948 • 70 citations

The Association Span of the White Rat

1932 • 67 citations

Escape-from-Shock Training following Exposure to Inescapable Shock

1956 • 64 citations

Avoidance training and the contiguity principle.

1948 • 62 citations

Displacement and conflict; learnable drive as a basis for the steeper gradient of avoidance than of approach.

1952 • 61 citations

Measurements of Acuity by the Conditioned-Response Technique

1935 • 58 citations

An Experimental Search for the “Conditioned Response”

1932 • 57 citations

Relative resistance to extinction of escape training and avoidance training.

1950 • 56 citations

Two variables in the acquisition of depressant properties by a stimulus.

1951 • 56 citations

Learning: II. The Factor of the Conditioned Reflex.

1934 • 56 citations

A reply to 'Sign-Gestalt or Conditioned Reflex?'

1935 • 54 citations

Displacement: greater generalization of approach than avoidance in a generalized approach-avoidance conflict.

1952 • 54 citations

Contiguity vs. Drive-Reduction in Conditioned Fear: The Proximity and Abruptness of Drive-Reduction

1954 • 51 citations

Displacement as a function of conflict.

1955 • 48 citations

Factors in the recovery from approach-avoidance conflict.

1957 • 47 citations

The gradient of delay of secondary reward in avoidance learning.

1957 • 47 citations

The conditioned reflex.

2007 • 45 citations

A multipurpose learning-demonstration apparatus.

1942 • 44 citations

Response strength and conditioned stimulus intensity.

1953 • 43 citations

Acquired drive strength as a joint function of shock intensity and number of acquisition trials.

1960 • 43 citations

Level of Current and Time between Sessions as Factors in “Adaptation” to Shock

1956 • 43 citations

Conditioned Responses in the White Rat: II. Conditioned Responses Based Upon Shock to the Foreleg

1936 • 43 citations

Punishment: II. An interpretation of empirical findings.

1955 • 42 citations

The relationship of emotionality to the consummatory response of eating.

1951 • 40 citations

Conditioning and conditionality (discrimination).

1951 • 39 citations

Conditioned Responses in the White Rat: III. Conditioning as a Function of the Length of the Period of Delay

1937 • 39 citations

Displacement; steeper gradient of generalization of avoidance than of approach with age of habit controlled.

1952 • 38 citations

The effect of emotionality on the water intake of the rat.

1949 • 37 citations

The experimental production and analysis of a "compulsive eating symptom" in rats.

1951 • 34 citations

The effect upon level of consummatory response of the addition of anxiety to a motivational complex.

1950 • 32 citations

The gradient of delay of secondary reward in avoidance learning tested on avoidance trials only.

1957 • 32 citations

An experimental study of extinction.

1953 • 27 citations

Sound-induced startle response as a function of time since shock.

1956 • 25 citations

A spatial gradient in the strength of avoidance responses.

1938 • 23 citations

Conditioning of Fear: A Function of the Delay of Reinforcement

1957 • 21 citations

Effect of number of reinforcements on strength of approach in an approach-avoidance conflict.

1949 • 20 citations

Three factors involved in producing "compulsive eating" in rats.

1952 • 20 citations

A note on a temporal gradient of reinforcement.

1939 • 18 citations

Generalization of fear-motivated interference with water intake.

1953 • 17 citations

The effect of certain parameters on the acquisition of fear.

1957 • 8 citations

Reinforcement of fear at the beginning and at the end of shock.

1955 • 7 citations

'Superstitious' behavior in animals.

1949 • 7 citations

The effect of distinctive cues on the spatial gradient of avoidance.

1951 • 3 citations