Frustration and learned helplessness.

Failure to escape traumatic shock.

1967 • 1,860 citations

Generality of learned helplessness in man.

1975 • 865 citations

Learned helplessness in the rat.

1975 • 465 citations

Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events

1971 • 454 citations

Learned helplessness in the rat: Time course, immunization, and reversibility.

1975 • 285 citations

Failure to learn to escape in rats previously exposed to inescapable shock depends on nature of escape response.

1973 • 274 citations

Resistance to punishment and extinction following training with shock or nonreinforcement.

1964 • 169 citations

Conditioned frustration as a learned drive.

1963 • 151 citations

Learning of a hurdle-jump response to escape cues paired with reduced reward or frustrative nonreward.

1969 • 87 citations

Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent avoidance performance: Role of response repertoire changes

1973 • 80 citations

Is instrumental responding necessary for nonreward following reward to be frustrating?

1969 • 23 citations

Aversive properties of partial and varied reinforcement during runway acquisition.

1969 • 20 citations

Resistance to extinction following learning with punishment of reinforced and nonreinforced licking.

1968 • 20 citations

Resistance to extinction following partial punishment of reinforced and/or nonreinforced responses during learning.

1969 • 12 citations

Maintenance schedules and hunger drive: An examination of the rat literature.

1972 • 11 citations

Incentive shift in the rat following training to resist punishment

1975 • 10 citations

Approach-avoidance conflict behavior as a function of prior experience with mild or intense electric shock stimulation

1967 • 10 citations