Toward a law of response strength.

Schedules of reinforcement.

1957 • 4,688 citations

ON THE LAW OF EFFECT¹

1970 • 2,570 citations

ON TWO TYPES OF DEVIATION FROM THE MATCHING LAW: BIAS AND UNDERMATCHING¹

1974 • 1,424 citations

Quantitative Variation of Incentive and Performance in the White Rat

1942 • 881 citations

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONDING MAINTAINED BY INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT¹

1968 • 794 citations

Avoidance Conditioning with Brief Shock and No Exteroceptive Warning Signal

1953 • 665 citations

The determiners of behavior at a choice point.

1938 • 528 citations

Phyletic differences in learning.

1965 • 497 citations

Method and theory in the study of avoidance.

1969 • 491 citations

FORMAL PROPERTIES OF THE MATCHING LAW¹

1974 • 464 citations

Sensory Processes: The New Psychophysics

1974 • 370 citations

A TWO‐STATE ANALYSIS OF FIXED‐INTERVAL RESPONDING IN THE PIGEON¹

1969 • 347 citations

MAXIMIZING AND MATCHING ON CONCURRENT RATIO SCHEDULES¹

1975 • 326 citations

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AS SHOCK‐FREQUENCY REDUCTION¹

1966 • 321 citations

CONCURRENT PERFORMANCES: A BASELINE FOR THE STUDY OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE¹

1963 • 296 citations

ON THE TAUTOLOGY OF THE MATCHING LAW¹

1971 • 269 citations

Response latency as a function of the amount of reinforcement.

1949 • 260 citations

Ratio scales of sugar sweetness

1970 • 235 citations

CONCURRENT PERFORMANCES: REINFORCEMENT INTERACTION AND RESPONSE INDEPENDENCE¹

1963 • 234 citations

Operant conditioning, extinction, and periodic reinforcement in relation to concentration of sucrose used as reinforcing agent.

1953 • 209 citations

A quantitative investigation of the delay-of-reinforcement gradient.

1943 • 125 citations

SELF‐INHIBITING EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT¹

1973 • 124 citations

THE MATCHING LAW

1972 • 116 citations

Equal-reinforcement values for sucrose and glucose solutions compared with equal-sweetness values.

1954 • 98 citations

Response strength as a function of drive level and amount of drive reduction.

1953 • 97 citations

Rate of bar pressing as a function of quality and quantity of food reward.

1954 • 77 citations

AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT AND FREE‐OPERANT RESPONDING¹

1961 • 72 citations

Duration of stimulation and the reward properties of hypothalamic stimulation.

1964 • 69 citations

The incentive of brain-stimulation reward.

1969 • 66 citations

Temporal Control and the Theory of Reinforcement Schedules11This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Mental Health, USPHS, to Duke University.

1972 • 65 citations

Training rats to press a bar to turn off shock.

1956 • 57 citations

The relation between pulse frequency, intensity, duration and the rate of responding for intracranial stimulation.

1962 • 54 citations

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL RESPONDING^1,2

1972 • 53 citations

THE LAW OF EFFECT AND A VOIDANCE: A QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPONSE RATE AND SHOCK‐FREQUENCY REDUCTION¹

1974 • 50 citations

THE MAINTENANCE OF BEHAVIOR BY THE TERMINATION AND ONSET OF INTENSE NOISE¹

1959 • 48 citations

Escape learning as a function of amount of shock reduction.

1959 • 42 citations

Analysis of amount of reward as a variable in learning.

1961 • 40 citations

Escape performance as a function of delay of reinforcement.

1962 • 33 citations

Sucrose Concentration as Reinforcement for Lever Pressing by Monkeys

1956 • 31 citations

Runway performance in relation to runway-goal-box similarity and changes in incentive amount.

1964 • 29 citations

Instrumental escape conditioning in a water tank: Effects of variations in drive stimulus intensity and reinforcement magnitude.

1964 • 23 citations

Response rates of monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) under varying conditions of sucrose reinforcement.

1965 • 15 citations

Sucrose Concentration and Response Rates of Monkeys

1963 • 15 citations

Instrumental escape conditioning in a water tank: Effects of constant reinforcement at different levels of drive stimulus intensity.

1966 • 13 citations

Stimulus facilitation of delayed-reward learning in the rat.

1970 • 11 citations

Effects of magnitude of reinforcement in Macaca speciosa

1966 • 9 citations

Reinforcement difference limen (RDL) for delay in shock escape.

1969 • 8 citations

Escape Performance as a Function of Delay of Reinforcement and Inescapable Us Trials

1973 • 7 citations

Contingent and noncontingent response rates as a function of delay of reinforcement

1969 • 6 citations

Shock strength, shock reduction, and running speed.

1960 • 4 citations

Escape Behavior as a Function of Delay of Negative Reinforcement

1973 • 3 citations