Racism and Mental Health: The African American experience

Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States

1994 • 12,456 citations

Inequity In Social Exchange

1965 • 10,134 citations

Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s

1994 • 6,233 citations

American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.

1993 • 6,131 citations

Journal of the National Medical Association

2010 • 4,865 citations

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

1997 • 4,606 citations

A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.

1997 • 4,354 citations

Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health

1997 • 4,031 citations

Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men

1995 • 3,741 citations

Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study

1991 • 2,589 citations

Equity : theory and research

1978 • 2,473 citations

Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation

1997 • 2,334 citations

The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States

1999 • 2,171 citations

Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations

1987 • 1,955 citations

Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe

1995 • 1,857 citations

Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.

1999 • 1,841 citations

A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment

1989 • 1,777 citations

US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

1995 • 1,692 citations

Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection

1987 • 1,505 citations

Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination

1999 • 1,480 citations

Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults.

1996 • 1,301 citations

A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems

2009 • 1,264 citations

The Crucible Within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants

1994 • 1,137 citations

Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures, and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimination

1999 • 1,136 citations

The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences

1996 • 1,120 citations

Living with racism: the black middle-class experience

1994 • 1,109 citations

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health

1993 • 1,078 citations

The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places

1991 • 1,023 citations

Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being

1993 • 975 citations

Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality

2020 • 945 citations

Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure?

1990 • 920 citations

Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s, by Michael Omi and Howard Winant

1988 • 848 citations

The Velvet Glove

1994 • 827 citations

2. Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality

1995 • 821 citations

Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality

1997 • 817 citations

Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions

1997 • 812 citations

Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks During the 1980s: Small Steps Toward a More Integrated Society

1994 • 807 citations

The Prevalence of Illicit-Drug or Alcohol Use during Pregnancy and Discrepancies in Mandatory Reporting in Pinellas County, Florida

1990 • 714 citations

Perceived Racial Discrimination, Depression, and Coping: A Study of Southeast Asian Refugees in Canada

1999 • 712 citations

Persons With Severe Mental Illness in Jails and Prisons: A Review

1998 • 701 citations

A Piece of the Pie

1980 • 701 citations

A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880

1982 • 693 citations

SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION AND HEALTH: The Independent Contribution of Community Socioeconomic Context

1999 • 671 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Health in Blacks and Whites

1997 • 625 citations

Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community

1991 • 600 citations

John Henryism and the health of African-Americans

1994 • 593 citations

Dismantling desegregation: the quiet reversal of Brown v. Board of Education

1997 • 588 citations

A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society.

1990 • 582 citations

Understanding everyday racism

1992 • 572 citations

Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-Level Analysis of Segregation

1993 • 566 citations

Urban Industrial Transition and the Underclass

1989 • 552 citations

Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education, by Gary Orfield and Susan E. Eaton

1997 • 529 citations

Ethnic Minorities and Mental Health

1991 • 515 citations

Attitudes on Residential Integration: Perceived Status Differences, Mere In-Group Preference, or Racial Prejudice?

1996 • 503 citations

Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study.

1996 • 486 citations

Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth, by Claude S. Fischer and Michael Hout and Martin Sanchez Jankowski and Samuel R. Lucas and Ann Swidler and Kim Voss

1997 • 459 citations

Chronic Community Violence: What Is Happening to Our Children?

1993 • 456 citations

Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study

1992 • 455 citations

Inequality by design: cracking the bell curve myth

1997 • 418 citations

Self-Perceptions of Black Americans: Self-Esteem and Personal Efficacy

1989 • 413 citations

The Crucible within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants

1994 • 407 citations

Residential preferences and residential choices in a multiethnic context

1992 • 382 citations

Urban neighborhoods and mental health: Psychological contributions to understanding toxicity, resilience, and interventions.

1998 • 362 citations

Clear and convincing evidence: measurement of discrimination in America

1994 • 355 citations

Health, United States, 1998; with socioeconomic status and health chartbook

1998 • 322 citations

Gender, Race, and DSM-III: A Study of the Objectivity of Psychiatric Diagnostic Behavior

1988 • 320 citations

Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence

1996 • 319 citations

Overview: white norms and psychiatric diagnosis of black patients

1981 • 315 citations

The Highest Stage of White Supremacy

1982 • 313 citations

The Rage of a Privileged Class

1993 • 292 citations

Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias, and Inner-City Workers

1991 • 285 citations

Poverty and Family Structure: The Widening Gap between Evidence and Public Policy Issues

1986 • 282 citations

Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality: The Dream Deferred.

1992 • 281 citations

Fair Driving: Gender and Race Discrimination in Retail Car Negotiations

1991 • 278 citations

The Continuing Significance of Race Revisited: A Study of Race, Class, and Quality of Life in America, 1972 to 1996

1998 • 277 citations

Racial and Cultural Minorities: An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination.

1953 • 275 citations

The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans.

1996 • 266 citations

Factors Associated with Acculturative Stress and Depressive Symptomatology Among Married Mexican Immigrant Women

1987 • 266 citations

The Continuing Significance of Race: A Study of Race, Class, and Quality of Life in America, 1972-1985

1986 • 260 citations

Black-White Differences in Health and Mortality: A Review And Conceptual Model

1996 • 259 citations

Attitudes on Residential Integration: Perceived Status Differences, Mere In-Group Preference, or Racial Prejudice?

1996 • 251 citations

Racial/ethnic disparities in health: the interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status.

1999 • 249 citations

Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America.

1994 • 244 citations

The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research

1989 • 239 citations

Urban desertification, public health and public order: ‘Planned shrinkage’, violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx

1990 • 235 citations

Socioeconomic inequalities in health. No easy solution

1993 • 226 citations

Perceived experiences of racism as stressful life events

1996 • 222 citations

Minority Identity and Self-Esteem

1993 • 219 citations

The use of informal and formal help: Four patterns of illness behavior in the black community

1984 • 209 citations

Racial differences in stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: Current status and substantive issues.

1989 • 208 citations

Why we should continue to study race...but do a better job: an essay on race, racism and health.

1996 • 207 citations

John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. II. The role of occupational stressors

1984 • 204 citations

Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students.

1989 • 201 citations

Silent Victims Children Who Witness Violence

1993 • 187 citations

Phenotype and Life Chances Among Chicanos

1987 • 185 citations

Personality-based hardiness as a buffer for discrimination-related stress in members of Toronto's Chinese community.

1992 • 180 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorder among Blacks and Whites

1992 • 180 citations

Assessing the Stressful Effects of Racism: A Review of Instrumentation

1998 • 174 citations

Race, stress, and physical health: The role of group identity.

1999 • 168 citations

Uncle Tom and Mr. Charlie: Metaphysical Pathos in the Study of Racism and Personal Disorganization

1971 • 159 citations

The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice.

1975 • 156 citations

A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting

1994 • 154 citations

Relationship of racial stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in Black college students.

1989 • 152 citations

Children with parents in prison: child welfare policy, program, and practice issues.

1998 • 149 citations

Family and Work Predictors of Psychological Well-Being Among Hispanic Women Professionals

1987 • 142 citations

Perspectives on Social Problems.

1974 • 133 citations

A holistic model for understanding and predicting depressive symptoms in african-american women

1991 • 128 citations

Race, Place, and Discrimination

1997 • 127 citations

Sex and racism in America

1966 • 126 citations

Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence

1996 • 113 citations

Women's reactions to discrimination from members of the same or opposite sex

1975 • 109 citations

The health consequences of racial discrimination: a study of African Americans.

1996 • 109 citations

The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice.

1975 • 109 citations

Employment and Marriage among Inner-city Fathers

1989 • 107 citations

Social-psychological correlates of experienced discrimination: Test of the double jeopardy hypothesis

1991 • 99 citations

A Common destiny: Blacks and American society

1990 • 99 citations

An examination of factors influencing the diagnosis and treatment of black patients in the mental health system

1992 • 94 citations

Factors Affecting Alcohol Consumption in Black Women. Part II

1990 • 93 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorder among Blacks and Whites

1992 • 89 citations

Factors Affecting Alcohol Consumption in Black Women. Parti

1990 • 88 citations

Race and Mental Health: Emerging Patterns and Promising Approaches

1999 • 84 citations

Race and Health: A Multidimensional Approach to African-American Health

1995 • 84 citations

Race, Stress, and Physical Health The Role of Group Identity

1999 • 84 citations

Evaluation of a Holistic Model of Mental Health Symptoms in African American Women

1991 • 81 citations

Affective and physiological responses to racism: the roles of afrocentrism and mode of presentation.

1996 • 77 citations

Racism and children's health: issues in development.

1996 • 74 citations

Relative deprivation theory and responses to discrimination in a gay male and lesbian sample

1987 • 74 citations

Gender differences in mood and cardiovascular responses to socially stressful stimuli.

1996 • 73 citations

Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias, and Inner-City Workers

1991 • 67 citations

Childhood adversity and adult psychopathology

1997 • 55 citations

Minority Health in America

2000 • 53 citations

Color and race

1969 • 51 citations

Individual Differences in Physiological Responses to Fearful, Racially Noxious, and Neutral Imagery

1986 • 48 citations

Changing America: indicators of social and economic well-being by race and Hispanic origin

1999 • 47 citations

Affective states of fathers in prison

1993 • 42 citations

Racism's impact on mental health.

1994 • 42 citations

Silent victims. Children who witness violence

1993 • 41 citations

Racism, Society, and Disease: An Exploration of the Social and Biological Mechanisms of Differential Mortality

1981 • 37 citations

Expanding coupled shock fronts of urban decay and criminal behavior: How U.S. cities are becoming ?hollowed out?

1991 • 34 citations

The need for victimization screening in a poor outpatient medical population.

1988 • 27 citations

Employment and Marriage among Inner-City Fathers

1993 • 10 citations

The Course of Residential Segregation: Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Suburbanization in Israel

1992 • 9 citations

Health Policy and the Hispanic

1993 • 8 citations

A case of double rejection: The immigration of Sephardim to Australia

1994 • 7 citations

Offenders with mental illness: prevalence and responsibility.

1998 • 5 citations