Reinforcement delay: A selective review of the last decade.

Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory.

1972 • 4,453 citations

Behavior Theory and Conditioning

1957 • 1,480 citations

Delay of reinforcement: A historical review.

1964 • 276 citations

The role of secondary reinforcement in delayed reward learning.

1947 • 214 citations

A contrast effect in differential conditioning.

1961 • 208 citations

Shifts in magnitude of reward and contrast effects in instrumental and selective learning: A reinterpretation.

1968 • 180 citations

Decision making by rats: Delay versus amount of reward.

1965 • 150 citations

Effect of UCS intensity on the acquisition and extinction of an avoidance response.

1964 • 117 citations

Decision making by rats: Uncertain outcome choices.

1965 • 95 citations

Positive and negative contrast effects using delayed reinforcement

1972 • 90 citations

EXTEROCEPTIVE CONTROL OF RESPONSE UNDER DELAYED REINFORCEMENT

1964 • 73 citations

Positive Contrast in the Runway Obtained with Delay of Reward

1969 • 63 citations

Delay of reinforcement in instrumental discrimination learning of rats.

1972 • 54 citations

A time variable in the acquisition of observing responses.

1960 • 51 citations

The interaction of magnitude and delay of reinforcement in spatial discrimination.

1962 • 46 citations

Pre- and postreinforcement delay with a small number of acquisition trials

1967 • 44 citations

A Temporal Gradient of Derived Reinforcement

1950 • 37 citations

Escape performance as a function of delay of reinforcement.

1962 • 33 citations

Response strength as a function of delay of reward in a runway.

1957 • 33 citations

Aftereffects and delay of reward.

1966 • 27 citations

Influence of deprivation and availability of goal box cues on the temporal gradient of reinforcement.

1963 • 26 citations

Relative effect of delay of food and water reward.

1970 • 25 citations

Resistance to Extinction as a Function of the Interaction between Training and Extinction Delays

1966 • 23 citations

Effects of constant delay of reinforcement on acquisition asymptote and resistance to extinction.

1967 • 22 citations

Positive contrast in instrumental learning from qualitative shift in incentive

1969 • 22 citations

Positive contrast in the runway obtained following a shift in both delay and magnitude of reward

1972 • 21 citations

Intracranial Reward Delay and the Acquisition Rate of a Brightness Discrimination

1964 • 21 citations

Positive transfer between nonreward and delay.

1971 • 19 citations

Patterning effects in partially delayed reinforcement.

1959 • 18 citations

Secondary reinforcement in relation to shock termination: Second chapter.

1969 • 18 citations

Extinction following partial delay of reward with immediate continuous reward interpolated, at 24-hour intertrial intervals.

1967 • 16 citations

Partial Reinforcement and Partial Delay of Reinforcement Effects with 72-Hour Intertrial Intervals and Interpolated Continuous Reinforcement

1969 • 16 citations

Effects of shifts in magnitude and delay of reward upon runway performance in the rat

1970 • 15 citations

Runway Performance as a Function of Delayed Reinforcement and Delay-Box Confinement

1968 • 15 citations

Combination of magnitude and delay of reinforcement in instrumental escape conditioning.

1966 • 15 citations

Contrast effects and delay of reward in the double alleyway

1969 • 14 citations

Changes in delay of reinforcement in simple instrumental conditioning

1972 • 13 citations

Resistance to extinction as a function of constant delay of reinforcement

1965 • 12 citations

Delay of reward and goal box confinement time in extinction

1964 • 12 citations

Schedule of partial delay of reinforcement and resistance to extinction.

1965 • 11 citations

DELAYED ESCAPE FROM LIGHT BY THE ALBINO RAT¹

1966 • 11 citations

Stimulus facilitation of delayed-reward learning in the rat.

1970 • 11 citations

Duration of Delay, Delay-Box Confinement, and Runway Performance

1967 • 10 citations

Resistance to Extinction as a Function of the Number of Delay of Reward Trials

1962 • 10 citations

A negative contrast effect of reward delay in differential conditioning.

1968 • 10 citations

Transfer between nonreward and delay of reward following minimal acquisition training

1973 • 10 citations

Effect of Interpolated Extinction after Partial Delay of Reward Training on Subsequent Reacquisition and Extinction

1968 • 9 citations

Contrast effects in differential delay of reward conditioning.

1970 • 9 citations

Analysis of incentive and behavioral contrast in the rat.

1971 • 9 citations

Effects on performance of placing a visual cue at different temporal locations within a constant delay interval.

1971 • 9 citations

Incentive reduction: Delay increase and subsequent responding

1966 • 8 citations

A comparison of the effects of immediate reinforcement, constant delay of reinforcement, and partial delay of reinforcement on performance.

1970 • 8 citations

Reinforcement difference limen (RDL) for delay in shock escape.

1969 • 8 citations

Post-reinforcement delay in extinction: A failure to replicate

1966 • 8 citations

Chaining and nonchaining delay of reinforcement.

1970 • 8 citations

Sequences of delayed reward and extinction confinement: Effects on pattern running and extinction performance

1969 • 8 citations

Delay of Reinforcement and Resistance to Extinction: A Supplementary Report

1965 • 8 citations

Patterns of delayed reinforcement and resistance to extinction

1965 • 7 citations

Complete removal and delay of sucrose reward in the double alleyway.

1969 • 7 citations

Joint effects of magnitude of immediate reward and magnitude of delayed reward on acquisition and extinction

1968 • 7 citations

Effects of partial delay of reinforcement following a small number of acquisition trials

1968 • 6 citations

Delay of escape conditioning as a function of two kinds of secondary reinforcement stimulus conditions

1968 • 6 citations

Delay of reward in the double alleyway: A within-subjects versus between-groups comparison.

1970 • 6 citations

Partially delayed reward: Some effects of sequential reward magnitude in the rat.

1970 • 6 citations

Effects of Delay of Reinforcement and Cues upon Acquisition and Extinction Performance

1969 • 6 citations

Partially delayed reward in the rat: A parametric study of delay duration.

1971 • 5 citations

Effects of Overlearning and Spatial Delay of Reinforcement upon a Discrimination Reversal

1965 • 5 citations

Interactive effects of shock intensity and delay of reinforcement on escape conditioning

1965 • 5 citations

The effects of long-term training with delayed reward and delay-box confinement on instrumental performance

1967 • 5 citations

Temporal integration: Amount of reward and relative utility of immediate and delayed outcomes.

1968 • 5 citations

Sequential Effects of Magnitude of Delayed Reward and Magnitude of Immediate Reward on Pattern Running and Resistance to Extinction

1970 • 5 citations

Delayed Reward, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance: A within-Type Design

1967 • 4 citations

An evaluation of secondary reinforcement effects in a comparison of partial reinforcement and partial delay of reinforcement.

1973 • 4 citations

A comparison of two delay of reward procedures, pre-reinforcement delay vs post-reinforcement delay

1968 • 4 citations

Delay Patterns, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance

1967 • 4 citations

Punishing effects of long delays of reinforcement with shock-escape behavior

1970 • 4 citations

Effects of brief reinforcement delays on acquisition and extinction of brightness discriminations in rats.

1970 • 4 citations

Anticipatory errors in rats as a function of delayed reward.

1973 • 3 citations

Influence of Delay of Reinforcement and Overlearning on Position Reversal

1965 • 3 citations

Escape Behavior as a Function of Delay of Negative Reinforcement

1973 • 3 citations

Effects of Random vs Alternating Delay of Reinforcement in Training upon Extinction Performance

1964 • 3 citations

The effect of goal box delay and separate delay box delay on pattern running

1969 • 3 citations

Preference for delay-associated cues: Cognitive dissonance?

1972 • 3 citations

Role of delay in magnitude of reward effects in discrimination learning in the rat.

1969 • 2 citations

Instrumental Performance as a Function of Increasing and Decreasing Delays of Reinforcement

1968 • 2 citations

Magnitude of Immediate Reward in Partially Delayed Reward: Effects on Acquisition and Extinction

1970 • 2 citations

Delay of Shock-Escape with and without Stimulus Change

1971 • 1 citations

The Effects of Delayed Reward and Delay-Box Confinement Upon Instrumental Performance: A Within-Type Design

1970 • 1 citations

Partial delay of reinforcement: Effects of D-length, number of different D-lengths and number of reinforcements on resistance to extinction

1969 • 1 citations

The conditions governing secondary reinforcers

1968 • 1 citations