Retrieval of memory in animals.

Episodic and Semantic Memory

2007 • 3,890 citations

The Behavior of Organisms

1938 • 3,256 citations

A History of Experimental Psychology

1930 • 1,856 citations

Are theories of learning necessary?

1950 • 1,780 citations

Coding Processes in Human Memory

1973 • 1,628 citations

Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures.

1967 • 1,363 citations

The “tip of the tongue” phenomenon

1966 • 1,219 citations

The psychology of learning

1935 • 1,168 citations

Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology

1961 • 985 citations

Mechanisms of Animal Discrimination Learning

1972 • 952 citations

Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Electroconvulsive Shock after Reactivation of a Consolidated Memory Trace

1968 • 852 citations

Attributes of Memory

1983 • 615 citations

Associative encoding and retrieval: Weak and strong cues.

1970 • 523 citations

Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression.

1955 • 509 citations

Statedependent or "dissociated" learning produced with pentobarbital.

1964 • 431 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: the principles of anxiety conservation and partial irreversibility.

1954 • 420 citations

State-dependent learning produced by depressant and atropine-like drugs

1966 • 381 citations

Switchboard versus Statistical Theories of Learning and Memory

1972 • 368 citations

Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology.

1916 • 358 citations

Ontogeny of memory.

1972 • 349 citations

Mechanisms of memory

1967 • 310 citations

The retention of an incompletely learned avoidance response.

1957 • 274 citations

Rehearsal in animal conditioning.

1973 • 265 citations

Degree of learning and the measurement of forgetting

1964 • 241 citations

Retention and extinction of learned fear in infant and adult rats.

1962 • 229 citations

Behavior: an Introduction to Comparative Psychology.

1915 • 222 citations

Modification of memory storage processes

1971 • 214 citations

Behavioral Measurement of Conditioned Fear11This chapter was completed in February, 1969, while the authors were at Syracuse University.

1971 • 192 citations

Amnesia: A Function of the Temporal Relation of Footshock to Electroconvulsive Shock

1968 • 190 citations

Short-Term Changes in Neural Activity and Behaviour

1972 • 188 citations

Memory in Mice Analyzed with Antibiotics

1967 • 178 citations

Reflexes of the Brain

1965 • 168 citations

FIXED‐RATIO PUNISHMENT¹

1963 • 163 citations

Discriminative Control of Behavior by Drug States

1971 • 154 citations

Orienting reflex and exploratory behavior

1965 • 150 citations

Induced recovery of memory in rats following electroconvulsive shock

1972 • 141 citations

MEMORY AND LEARNING: A SEQUENTIAL VIEWPOINT

1971 • 141 citations

Amnesia Produced by Electroconvulsive Shock or Cycloheximide: Conditions for Recovery

1970 • 141 citations

FORGETTING AS RETRIEVAL FAILURE

1971 • 139 citations

Sources of experimental amnesia.

1969 • 136 citations

THE ROLE OF THE REINFORCER AS A STIMULUS

1958 • 132 citations

Effect of age and punishment condition on long-term retention by the rat of active- and passive-avoidance learning.

1970 • 127 citations

The interval between training and test trials as a determiner of the slope of generalization gradients.

1958 • 109 citations

DISCRIMINATED BAR‐PRESS AVOIDANCE¹

1961 • 108 citations

Paradoxical enhancement of learned fear.

1970 • 106 citations

Acquisition and retention of a passive-avoidance response as a function of age in rats.

1971 • 104 citations

Second-order conditioning: Implications for theories of learning.

1973 • 103 citations

REDUCTION OF SHOCK FREQUENCY AS REINFORCEMENT FOR AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR

1962 • 102 citations

Reexamination of prolonged retrograde amnesia in one-trial learning.

1966 • 100 citations

The second facet of forgetting: A review of warm-up decrement.

1961 • 99 citations

State-Dependent Learning Produced by Alcohol and Its Relevance to Alcoholism

1972 • 97 citations

Cerebral organization and behavior.

1958 • 96 citations

Factors affecting conditioning in the truly random control procedure in the rat.

1972 • 93 citations

Recovery of memory following amnesia in the rat and mouse.

1972 • 93 citations

Conditions influencing the retention of learned fear in young rats.

1970 • 88 citations

Electroconvulsive Shock Effects on a Reactivated Memory Trace: Further Examination

1969 • 87 citations

Cue-dependent amnesia in rats.

1972 • 86 citations

Components of general activity and the analysis of behavior.

1961 • 84 citations

ELICITATION OF AGGRESSION BY A PHYSICAL BLOW¹

1965 • 82 citations

Temporal Characteristics of Amnesia induced by Protein Synthesis Inhibitor: Determination by Shock Level

1970 • 82 citations

VARIABLE‐INTERVAL ESCAPE FROM STIMULI ACCOMPANIED BY SHOCKS¹

1962 • 82 citations

A System for Perception and Memory

1970 • 80 citations

Paradoxical enhancement of conditioned suppression

1972 • 78 citations

Effect of reactivation of a previously acquired memory on the interaction between memories in the rat.

1973 • 78 citations

Acetoxycycloheximide-Induced Transient Amnesia: Protective Effects of Adrenergic Stimulants

1972 • 78 citations

FORGETTING OF LONG-TERM MEMORIES IN ANIMALS

1971 • 77 citations

Species differences in ontogeny of memory: Indirect support for neural maturation as a determinant of forgetting.

1974 • 75 citations

Avoidance behavior differences within and between strains of rats.

1962 • 74 citations

The effects of varying short visual exposure times to a phobic test stimulus on subsequent avoidance behavior

1971 • 74 citations

Compensatory adaptations, reflex activity and the brain

1965 • 72 citations

Control of memory by spreading cortical depression: A case for stimulus control.

1967 • 71 citations

Control of retrograde amnesia.

1968 • 69 citations

Delayed matching in the capuchin monkey with brief sample durations

1972 • 69 citations

The time relations of ECS induced amnesia

1968 • 67 citations

Adrenal-pituitary influence in reactivation of avoidance-learning memory in the rat after intermediate intervals.

1972 • 66 citations

Retention of Aversively Motivated Behavior

1971 • 66 citations

Access to engrams.

1972 • 65 citations

Single-trial conditioning, neurosis, and the Napalkov phenomenon

1967 • 65 citations

Classical and instrumental eyelid conditioning.

1955 • 64 citations

Retrograde amnesia in the chick: Resistance to the reminder effect

1972 • 62 citations

STIMULUS CONTROL OF AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR¹

1964 • 60 citations

The truly random control procedure: Associative or nonassociative effects in rats.

1971 • 60 citations

Stimulus change, reactions to novelty, and response decrement.

1959 • 59 citations

Amnesic effects of cycloheximide on two strains of mice with different memory characteristics

1971 • 56 citations

Perfect recall and total forgetting: A problem for models of short-term memory

1971 • 56 citations

Motivational control of retrograde amnesia.

1970 • 55 citations

Retention of reinforcer magnitude.

1967 • 53 citations

Significance of all-or-none learning.

1965 • 52 citations

Retrograde Amnesia: Production of Skeletal but Not Cardiac Response Gradient by Electroconvulsive Shock

1970 • 50 citations

Effect of temporal separation of two tasks on proactive inhibition.

1968 • 48 citations

Recovery from hypoxia and ECS-induced amnesia after a single exposure to training environment

1973 • 47 citations

Retention of incompletely learned CER in rats

1967 • 47 citations

Reactivation of avoidance-learning memory in the rat after intermediate retention intervals.

1970 • 47 citations

Temporal course of amnesia in rats after electroconvulsive shock

1971 • 47 citations

Forgetting curves with semantic, phonetic, graphic, and contiguity cues.

1968 • 46 citations

Effects of context change on forgetting in rats.

1970 • 44 citations

Stimulus selection at different stages of paired-associate learning.

1967 • 44 citations

Environmental control of amnesic effects of various agents in goldfish

1969 • 43 citations

Postural status as a factor in memory

1967 • 42 citations

Experimental Analysis of Learning To Learn

1970 • 41 citations

Selective Neurone Death as a Possible Memory Mechanism

1971 • 40 citations

Conditioned Reinstatement in Rats: Effects of Exposure Distribution and Type of Cue

1972 • 40 citations

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE DELAY BETWEEN TRAINING AND TESTING PROCEDURES: A REEVALUATION1

1969 • 39 citations

Retrieval Failure Induced by Electroconvulsive Shock: Reversal with Dissimilar Training and Recovery Agents

1972 • 36 citations

Effects of environmental complexity on amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock in rats.

1970 • 35 citations

SIGNALLED AND UNSIGNALLED FREE‐OPERANT AVOIDANCE IN THE PIGEON¹

1970 • 35 citations

RUNNING‐WHEEL ACTIVITY AND AVOIDANCE IN THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL¹

1969 • 35 citations

All-or-none versus incremental learning.

1962 • 34 citations

Effects of prior and interpolated learning on retention in pigeons.

1963 • 33 citations

The Uptake and Action of Corticosterone: Regional and Subcellular Studies on Rat Brain

1970 • 32 citations

Contrast, resistance to extinction, and forgetting in rats.

1973 • 31 citations

The Kamin effect as "state-dependent learning": Memory-retrieval failure in the rat.

1971 • 30 citations

Warm-up decrement as failure in memory retrieval in the rat.

1973 • 30 citations

The truly random control as an extinction procedure

1971 • 29 citations

Human memory : Festschrift in honor of Benton J. Underwood

1972 • 28 citations

Scopolamine, atropine and conditioned fear

1967 • 27 citations

Analysis of warm-up effects during avoidance in wild and domesticated rodents.

1972 • 27 citations

Motivational control of retrograde amnesia in rats: A replication and extension.

1971 • 27 citations

Recovery from ECS-produced amnesia

1971 • 26 citations

PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING OF SHOCK‐ELICITED AGGRESSION: A DISCRIMINATION PROCEDURE¹

1970 • 25 citations

Retention of alley brightness in the rat.

1967 • 23 citations

Effects of conflicting response requirements and shock-compartment confinement on the Kamin effect in rats.

1971 • 23 citations

Negative as well as positive synaptic changes may store memory.

1972 • 23 citations

Retrograde amnesia in rats produced by hippocampal injections of potassium chloride: Gradient of effect and recovery.

1969 • 23 citations

Environmental control of ECS-produced retrograde amnesia in goldfish

1970 • 22 citations

Disruptive effects of scopolamine on fear conditioning and on instrumental escape learning.

1968 • 22 citations

Selective Recovery from Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Hippocampal Spreading Depression

1971 • 21 citations

Does electroconvulsive shock produce retrograde amnesia?

1969 • 21 citations

Learning and long- and short-term memory in cockroaches

1970 • 20 citations

Retention of an incompletely learned avoidance response: Some problems with replication

1966 • 19 citations

Recovery rate as a determinant of the amnesic-like effect of hypothermia

1971 • 19 citations

Evidence supporting the memory disruption hypothesis of electro-convulsive shock action

1969 • 18 citations

Interaction between memories in the rat: Effect of degree of prior conflicting learning on forgetting after short intervals.

1972 • 18 citations

THE EFFECT OF SHOCK INTENSITY UPON RESPONDING UNDER A MULTIPLE‐AVOIDANCE SCHEDULE

1970 • 18 citations

Amnesia: Tests of the effect of delayed footshock-electroconvulsive shock pairings

1972 • 15 citations

Step-through latencies in mice as a function of ECS-test interval

1969 • 15 citations

Context effects on frequency judgments of words and sentences.

1972 • 14 citations

Recall improves in short-term memory the more recall context resembles learning context.

1972 • 14 citations

Reminiscence and forgetting in a runway.

1965 • 12 citations

Motivationally related retroactive interference in discrimination learning by rats.

1971 • 11 citations

The effect of different environments prior to electroconvulsive shock on the gradient of retrograde amnesia

1971 • 11 citations

Extinction and reconditioning of behavior generated by a DRL contingency of reinforcement

1968 • 10 citations

Pretreatment effects of a single ECS and footshock plus ECS on step-down latencies of trained and untrained rats.

1969 • 10 citations

The effect of contextual stimuli on retroactive inhibition

1967 • 8 citations

Warm-up before recall of paired adjectives

1967 • 7 citations

Prevention of ECS-induced amnesia by reestablishing continuity with the training situation

1972 • 7 citations

Potentiation of the amnesic effect of electroconvulsive shock by detention

1968 • 7 citations

Selective impairment of Pavlovian conditional responses by electroconvulsive shock

1971 • 6 citations

Stimulus selection and meaningfulness at different stages of paired-associate learning.

1972 • 6 citations

Effect on priming on spontaneous recovery of verbal lists

1970 • 5 citations

Extinction of the effect of one ECS

1966 • 5 citations

Retention of free recall learning: The whole-part problem.

1971 • 4 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations