Interpersonal relationships and personal space: Research review and theoretical model

The hidden dimension

1966 • 4,761 citations

The Psychological Bulletin

1904 • 4,462 citations

The Silent Language

1959 • 3,614 citations

Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships

1973 • 2,745 citations

Eye-Contact, Distance and Affiliation

1965 • 1,684 citations

Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress.

1973 • 1,511 citations

Journal of Experimental Research in Personality

1965 • 1,383 citations

The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, Crowding.

1978 • 1,288 citations

Non-verbal Communication

1973 • 1,201 citations

The environment and social behavior

1975 • 1,076 citations

Personal Space: The Behavioral Basis of Design.

1970 • 947 citations

A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior¹

1963 • 891 citations

Studies of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities

1964 • 693 citations

Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association

1968 • 533 citations

Studies in Personal Space

1959 • 447 citations

Man-Environment Systems.

1974 • 345 citations

Personal space and self-protection.

1969 • 286 citations

Territoriality: A Neglected Sociological Dimension

1967 • 276 citations

Inference of attitudes from the posture, orientation, and distance of a communicator.

1968 • 248 citations

Continuity between the experimental study of attraction and real-life computer dating.

1970 • 245 citations

Invasions of Personal Space

1966 • 236 citations

Personal space

1965 • 219 citations

Relationship of attitude to seated posture, orientation, and distance.

1968 • 210 citations

Quantitative Research in Proxemic Behavior¹

1966 • 204 citations

Nonverbal components of empathic communication.

1972 • 199 citations

Personal space.

1973 • 190 citations

Social Proximity Effects on Galvanic Skin Responses in Adult Humans

1965 • 173 citations

Gaze, Mutual Gaze, and Proximity

1972 • 170 citations

Initial speaking distance as a function of the speakers’ relationship

1966 • 165 citations

A new measure and social-learning model for interpersonal distance.

1972 • 148 citations

Social schemas.

1962 • 145 citations

Approval-seeking and approval-inducing functions of verbal and nonverbal responses in the dyad.

1966 • 139 citations

Situation-specific variables as determinants of perceived environmental aesthetic quality and perceived crowdedness

1974 • 134 citations

Experiments on Orientation and Proxemics

1970 • 128 citations

Cultural variations in social schemata.

1968 • 122 citations

Environment and Behavior

1978 • 117 citations

Field study of the proxemic behavior of young school children in three subcultural groups.

1971 • 112 citations

Too close for comfort: Sex differences in response to invasions of personal space.

1975 • 109 citations

Compensation in Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors: A Review

1973 • 107 citations

The Effects of Sex and Race Norms On Personal Space

1970 • 106 citations

Effect of Stigmatizing Conditions on the Use of Personal Space

1968 • 104 citations

Further Studies of Small Group Ecology

1965 • 103 citations

Behavioral Indicators of Interpersonal Attraction¹

1971 • 96 citations

The Distance for Comfortable Conversation: A Further Study

1962 • 91 citations

Compensatory Reactions to Spatial Intrusion

1971 • 90 citations

Visual Behavior and Face-to-Face Distance During Interaction

1969 • 90 citations

Interpersonal distance and impression formation

1970 • 82 citations

Eye contact, interpersonal distance, and the equilibrium theory.

1975 • 79 citations

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL SPACE SCHEMATA

1969 • 78 citations

Effects of furniture arrangement, props, and personality on social interaction.

1971 • 77 citations

Interpersonal Speaking Distance as a Function of Age, Sex, and Relationship

1972 • 76 citations

Boundaries around group interaction: The effect of group size and member status on boundary permeability.

1973 • 69 citations

Nonverbal reciprocation of approval: an experimental analysis

1967 • 64 citations

Development of Personal Space Schemata

1969 • 64 citations

Effect of an Approval-Seeking Induction on Interpersonal Proximity

1965 • 63 citations

A test of equilibrium theory: Visual interaction in relation to orientation, distance and sex of interactants

1972 • 60 citations

Affective concomitants of the invasion of shared space: Behavioral, physiological, and verbal indicators.

1974 • 59 citations

Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of the Age of the Invader

1971 • 56 citations

Stability of nonverbal immediacy behaviors

1973 • 54 citations

A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance

1977 • 54 citations

The effect of spatial and interpersonal variables on the invasion of group controlled territories.

1972 • 53 citations

Attraction Toward the Opposite Sex as a Determinant of Physical Proximity

1973 • 52 citations

Personal Space as a Function of the Stigma Effect

1974 • 43 citations

Interpersonal Relations in Preschool Children and Average Approach Distance

1966 • 38 citations

Physical closeness and negative feelings

1971 • 38 citations

A review of personal space research in the framework of general system theory.

1973 • 36 citations

Anxiety arousing effects of inappropriate crowding.

1970 • 36 citations

Communicational significance of therapist proxemic cues.

1972 • 36 citations

Shared space: The co-operative control of spatial areas by two interacting individuals.

1973 • 35 citations

Interpersonal Spatial Orientation in Dyads

1970 • 35 citations

Architectural Variants of Reaction To Spatial Invasion

1974 • 35 citations

The Effect of Spatial and Interpersonal Variables on the Invasion of Group Controlled Territories

1972 • 35 citations

INTIMACY RATINGS IN FIVE COUNTRIES

1968 • 33 citations

Avoidance of an act which would violate personal space

1972 • 32 citations

Interaction distance anxiety in the counseling dyad.

1972 • 31 citations

Interaction Distance and Non‐verbal Agreeing Responses

1970 • 27 citations

Human Ethology

1973 • 26 citations

Violations of personal space.

1972 • 26 citations

Early development of interpersonal distance in children.

1971 • 25 citations

Value Congruence and Interaction Distances

1968 • 25 citations

Boundaries around social space: Dyadic responses to an invader.

1972 • 25 citations

Child-parent spatial patterns under praise and reproof.

1971 • 25 citations

The relationship of sex and instructional set to the regulation of interpersonal interaction distance in a counseling analogue.

1970 • 24 citations

Nonverbal expression as a function of crowding during a simulated police-citizen encounter.

1975 • 23 citations

What is Signalled by Proximity?

1970 • 22 citations

Attitude Similarity, Attraction, and Physical Proximity In a Dynamic Space¹

1973 • 22 citations

Social schemata of school beginners: Some demographic correlates

1967 • 22 citations

Personal Space as a Predictor of Performance under Close Working Conditions

1972 • 20 citations

Compensatory Reactions to Spatial Immediacy

1974 • 20 citations

Sex, Setting, and Personal Space: Changes as Children Grow Older

1974 • 17 citations

Effects of performance evaluation on interpersonal distance

1972 • 16 citations

Size-Distance Judgments of Human Faces (Projected Images)

1953 • 16 citations

Sex, Setting, and Reactions to Crowding on Sidewalks

1973 • 11 citations

Personality Scores and the Personal Distance Effect

1954 • 11 citations

The effects of interpersonal affect on errors made when reconstructing a stimulus display

1967 • 10 citations

The personal distance effect as a function of esthetic stimulus, anxiety and sex

1964 • 9 citations

The "individual" space.

1967 • 6 citations